Integration of ZDC Into CMS Experiments Kevin Reynolds Norfolk State University Michael Murray, Mentor University of Kansas August 10, 2006 Univ. of Michigan REU @ CERN 1

Primary Goals for This Project Assist in the integration of forward detectors, ZDC, and CASTOR into CMS experiment Work on layout of electronics for ZDC and modification of existing CMS HF electronics to produce technical triggers for CMS global trigger Assist with beam tests of ZDC and CASTOR and the analysis of the test beam data August 10, 2006 Univ. of Michigan REU @ CERN 2

ACRONYMS CERN-European (Council) Organization for Nuclear Research CMS-compact muon solenoid ATLAS-a toroidal LHC apparatus ALICE-a large ion collider experiment LHCb-LHC-beauty LEP-large electron positron collider PSB-proton synchrotron booster PS-proton synchrotron SPS-super proton synchrotron TOTEM-total cross section, elastic scattering and diffraction dissociation ZDC- zero degree calorimeter CASTOR-CERN Advanced Storage Manager QIE-charge integrator and encoder ECAL- electromagnetic calorimeter HCAL- hadronic calorimeter PMT-photomultiplier tube MTCC- magnet test cosmic challenge UXC- experimental underground crossing RHIC-relativistic heavy ion collider (BNL) CMSSW-CMS software ROOT-an object-oriented data analysis framework RPC- resistive plate chamber USLB- optical serial link board HB- hadronic barrel TWiki- a “quick” software for generating web pages I & C-integration and calibration ME-muon endcap HE-hadron endcap TOF-time of flight DCS- detector control system ADC-analog digital converter DAQ-data acquisition software HI-heavy ion HIROOT-generator level simulation package for heavy ions QCD-quantum chromodynamics VCAL/HF-very forward calorimeter GUT-grand unified theory USC- underground service cavern TAN-neutral particle absorber GEANT-geometry and tracking August 10, 2006 Univ. of Michigan REU @ CERN 3

Where We Fit Into the Big Picture… CMS LHC LHCb SPS ALICE Add Airplanes, Add Mountains ATLAS Synchrotron Pb Injector Tunnels PS P Experimental Station PSB August 10, 2006 Univ. of Michigan REU @ CERN 4

Compact Muon Solenoid Peak Luminosity ~ 1 Billion Solar Luminosity 5% uncertainty in peak luminosity measurement, CMS luminosity 10^34, Sun solar luminosity 10^22 cm^-2s^-1, luminosity-proportional to temp., inversely proportional to surface area and radius August 10, 2006 Univ. of Michigan REU @ CERN 5

Integration of the Zero Degree Calorimeter Main components for EM and HAD sections (tungsten, PMTs, fibers, frame, etc.) shipped to Previssin site for testing (Aug.1-2,2006) Assemby begins over weekend (Aug.4,2006) Readout cables have been cut and are being delivered by CERN ( Aug.4,2006) Beam tests on ZDC will to begin late Wednesday or early Thursday (Aug. 9,2006) Installation of ZDC1 into LHC (Sept. 2006) Peak Luminosity ~ 1/2 Solar Luminosity z ZDC2 140 m 140 meters away, Complete installation of ZDC1-October 2006, “ “ of ZDC2-July 2007, Pseudorapidity-spatial coordinate of scattered particle relative to the beam axis, ZDC 5.3<η<6.7 (3.13 degrees), EM section-33 layers of 2 mm thick tungsten, HAD Section-24 layers of 15.5 mm thick tungsten, Peak Luminosity in EM~10^11 (photons), HAD~10^9 cm^-2 s^-1(neutrons), number of particles per unit area per unit time, Solar Temp.~ 15 million C, 30 million F INTERACTION POINT 140 m ZDC1 August 10, 2006 Univ. of Michigan REU @ CERN 6

Preparation for Beam Tests The upper part of the beamline sensitive to Cherenkov raditation was disassembled and the lens checked for contaminants. The photomultipler tube was then reassembled, vacuumed down, and refilled with freon gas. The pressure for the tube held over night, a good indication that the chamber was hermetically sealed. (6-28-06) Cherenkov detector Scintillators North Area, Previsan Wire Chambers Beamline August 10, 2006 Univ. of Michigan REU @ CERN 7

Electronics: Cherenkov Detector c>v>vt Stationary With Respect to Particle Moving With Respect to Particle v θ v n>1 Timing good at low momenta, Cherenkov radiation is continuous rather possessing the line or band structure of fluorescence n>1 cos θc = vt / v = c / (vn) = 1/ (βn) August 10, 2006 Univ. of Michigan REU @ CERN 9

Npe = L (α2z2 / remec2) ∫ єcoll(E) єdet sin2θc (E) dE Index of Refraction cos θc = vt / v = c / (vn) = 1/ (βn) The emission angle of Cherenkov radiation θc increases with the refractive index of gas n. The number of photoelectrons Npe detected increases with the refractive index of gas n. 30 mrad ~ 5 degrees, єcoll-efficiency of collecting Cherenkov light, єdet-quantum efficiency of the transducer(PMT or equiv.), E= photon energy, α=fine structure constant, Npe = L (α2z2 / remec2) ∫ єcoll(E) єdet sin2θc (E) dE August 10, 2006 Univ. of Michigan REU @ CERN 10

Electronic Layout for ZDC PMT QIE HTR DCC RU CPU Photomultipler Tube (PMT) Converts photons to electrons via photoelectric effect Electrons drawn across HV Cascade of electrons produced from collisions with dynodes Hadronic Trigger Region (HTR) Accepts digital signal Calculates deposited energy and time of flight Decides which events to save Charge Integrator and Encoder (QIE) Accepts analog signal (parallel) Converts analog to digital Sends out digitized signal through optical fibers (serial) Data Concentrator Card (DCC) Packs data from events Readout Unit (RU) Unpacks data so that events can be triggered and read z August 10, 2006 Univ. of Michigan REU @ CERN 11

Beam Tests: ZDC Readout August 10, 2006 Univ. of Michigan REU @ CERN 12

Acknowledgements National Science Foundation Ford Motor Company University of Michigan Dr. Homer Neal Dr. Jean Krisch Mr. Jeremy Herr Michael Murray, Mentor David d'Enterria , Co-mentor Scientists at CERN Previssin site August 10, 2006 Univ. of Michigan REU @ CERN 13