Tevatron run issues with higher luminosity 4th International Workshop on Heavy Quarkonia Vaia Papadimitriou, Fermilab BNL, June 27-30 2006 BNL, June 2006 Vaia Papadimitriou

OUTLINE Tevatron performance and projections CDF data sets and plans for higher luminosity D0 data sets and plans for higher luminosity Conclusion BNL, June 2006 Vaia Papadimitriou

The Fermilab Accelerator Complex √s  1.96 TeV CDF D0 P P MAIN INJECTOR: 150 GeV RECYCLER / e-COOLING BNL, June 2006 Vaia Papadimitriou

Tevatron Performance Tevatron (Run I 1992-96, ∫L dt = 110 pb-1 ): p   pbar at s = 1.8 TeV, 3.5 ms between collisions Tevatron (Run II 2002-Present, ∫L dt = ~1.53 fb-1 ): p   pbar at s = 1.96 TeV, 396 ns between collisions ( original plan for 132 ns ) FY06 Best 1.72 x 1032 cm-1s-1 ~ 1.53 fb-1 delivered per experiment in Run II FY05 FY06 7.17 pb-1 delivered per experiment in one store, Feb. 12, 2006 FY04 FY05 FY03 FY03 FY04 FY02 FY02 BNL, June 2006 Vaia Papadimitriou

Collider Luminosity History (per detector) 1986-1987 Eng. Run I .05 pb-1 1988-1989 Eng. Run II 9.2 pb-1 Run Ia (1992-1993) 32.2 pb-1 Run Ib (1994-1996) 154.7 pb-1 Run IIa (2002-2005) 1200 pb-1 Run IIb (2006-2009) 3,060 – 6,880 pb-1 Run IIa + IIb (2002-2009) 4,260 – 8,080 pb-1 Log Scale ! Projected Projected BNL, June 2006 Vaia Papadimitriou

Luminosity The major luminosity limitations are The number of antiprotons (BNpbar) The proton beam brightness (Np/ep) Beam-Beam effects The transverse antiproton emittance Transverse beam optics at the interaction point (b*) F<1 ~30 cm BNL, June 2006 Vaia Papadimitriou

Tevatron Performance BNL, June 2006 Vaia Papadimitriou

Stacking Performance Stack size (1010) Zero stack stacking rate FY06 BNL, June 2006 Vaia Papadimitriou

Expected Integrated Luminosity 8.1 fb-1 Fermilab Tevatron 6.7 fb-1 DESIGN 30 mA/hr 5.3 fb-1 4.3 fb-1 BASE 15 mA/hr BNL, June 2006 Vaia Papadimitriou

Accumulated Luminosity and Luminosity per fiscal year 30 mA/h (fb-1) 25 mA/h 20 mA/h 15 mA/h FY03 0.33 FY04 0.67 FY05 1.27 FY06 2.07 1.94 1.91 1.87 FY07 3.84 3.24 2.93 2.63 FY08 5.92 4.88 4.03 3.40 FY09 8.08 6.70 5.28 4.26 Fiscal Year 30 mA/h (fb-1) 25 mA/h 20 mA/h 15 mA/h FY03 0.33 FY04 0.34 FY05 0.61 0.60 FY06 0.80 0.67 0.64 FY07 1.77 1.30 1.01 0.76 FY08 2.08 1.64 1.10 0.77 FY09 2.17 1.82 1.25 0.87 BNL, June 2006 Vaia Papadimitriou

Expected Peak Luminosity 30 mA/hr 15 mA/hr BNL, June 2006 Vaia Papadimitriou

Data sets 1.62 fb-1 CDF/D0 have about 10 million J/y’s each in 1 fb-1 of Run II data. 1.30 fb-1 1.44 fb-1 1.20 fb-1 BNL, June 2006 Vaia Papadimitriou

Trigger rates Trigger Level Maximum rate CDF Maximum rate D0 Level 1 30 kHz 1.6 (1.8) kHz Level 2 0.7 (1.0) kHz <10% dead time 0.95 (1.05) kHz <5% (10-15%) dt Level 3 150 Hz 300 – 400 Hz BNL, June 2006 Vaia Papadimitriou

A Study of Store Lifetime Collected data for all Tevatron stores of 2004-2005 lasting longer than 24 hours Used 116 stores Fit first 24h of each store with: Fit is typically good to better than ~ 5% Model is easy to integrate/solve Only two parameters (L0, t ) Phenomenological study of t vs. L0 to extrapolate to higher luminosities Use results to predict integrated luminosities for low lum tables that “kick-in” only after instantaneous luminosity drops below threshold. t L ) ( + = 1 BNL, June 2006 Vaia Papadimitriou

Typical projected store evolution Inst. Luminosity (E32) Inst. Luminosity (E32) 66% 34% 64% 36% Peak Lum = 3E32 Peak Lum = 2E32 hours hours < 1.5 E32 1.5 – 2.0 E32 2.0 – 2.5 E32 2.5 – 3.0 E32 BNL, June 2006 Vaia Papadimitriou

The D0 Detector Excellent muon and tracking coverage Tracking up to |h|<3 Muons up to |h|<2 BNL, June 2006 Vaia Papadimitriou

J/y triggers Central (|h|<1.6) muon pT requirements are 1.5 GeV/c and 3.0 GeV/c Forward muons do not have tracking coverage and one cannot apply pT cuts at Level 1. (~1 GeV/c muons can penetrate the iron) At higher trigger levels one requires either two forward muons with pT >2 GeV/c or one forward and one central muon with pTs greater than 1 and 3 GeV/c respectively. Dielectron triggers as well in Run IIA but with roughly a factor of 500 smaller yield. Expect to collect more dielectron J/y’s in Run IIB ( ~ 5-10 times smaller yield than dimuon J/y’s) No dynamic prescaling (DPS) used; change prescales every few hours BNL, June 2006 Vaia Papadimitriou

The CDF Detector Excellent mass resolution Particle ID: dE/dx, TOF Tracking triggers (Hadronic B’s): L1: Tracks L2: Secondary vertex Central Muon Detectors: |h|<1.0 1.3<|h|<3.5 ToF counter for K/p separation placed right before the solenoid Central Outer Tracker: |h|<1.0 dE/dx for PID 3.5<|h|<5.1 Silicon: |z0|<45 cm, |h|<2.0 BNL, June 2006 Vaia Papadimitriou

J/y triggers Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Prescale DPS CMU1.5/CMU1.5 df<1200, oppQ J/yCMUCMU L2 10:1:1 CMU1.5/CMX2 df<1200, oppQ J/yCMUCMX L2 10:1:1 CMU1.5/CMX2 df<1200, oppQ J/yCMUCMX L2 PS=2 CMU1.5/CMU1.5 df<1200, oppQ J/yCMUCMU L2 PS=2 CMU1.5/CMU1.5 auto J/yCMUCMU L2 PS=100 CMU1.5/CMX2 auto J/yCMUCMX L2 PS=100 CMUP4 auto J/yCMUCMU L2 50:10:1 CMUP4 auto J/yCMUCMX L2 50:10:1 CMUP4 CMUP8 J/yCMUCMU L2 10:1:1 CMUP4 CMUP8 J/yCMUCMX L2 10:1:1 DPS calibration - CDF psi mode systematics same as Belle’s best result! However result is statistically limited - CDF hadronic modes have only slightly larger systematics, but improved statistical power - D0 B+/B0 ratio at HFAG level – Interesting technique - D0 Bs lifetime update is best measurement so far (improved CDF Run I measurement in semileptonics) DPS Single lepton DPS High pT DPS DPS polarization Dielectron triggers as well BNL, June 2006 Vaia Papadimitriou

Trigger cross section - rate extrapolation As the luminosity increases, higher average number of primary interactions per bunch crossing yield more complex events with higher occupancies and higher trigger rates which cause higher dead time fractions and lower efficiencies. Current XFT Upgraded XFT One example: High Pt CMX Muon In principle, a physics process trigger cross section, s, is constant . In reality, a given trigger cross section behaves as: s = A/L + B + CL + DL2 Use existing data to extrapolate Confirmation of XFT tracks by stereo layers is expected to yield a substantial reduction of fakes BNL, June 2006 Vaia Papadimitriou

Trigger/DAQ Upgrades for higher luminosity Goals Increase bandwidth at all levels Improve purity at L1 Status - Complete COT TDC -- readout latency COT Track Trigger (XFT)-- purity Silicon Vertex Trigger (SVT)-- latency L2/L3 trigger -- latency Event builder -- latency Data logger -- throughput Add stereo layer info Track trigger installation done, being commissioned Data logger installation in progress Proc power: 1THz  2.6THz BNL, June 2006 Vaia Papadimitriou

Impact of L2 decision crate & SVT upgrades on L1 bandwidth After Upgrade Lumi~90E30 Before Upgrade Lumi~20-50E30 5% Before: 5% deadtime with L1A 18KHz @ ~< 50E30 After: 5% deadtime with L1A 25KHz @ ~ 90E30 Dead time % 18KHz 25KHz L1A rate (Hz) BNL, June 2006 Vaia Papadimitriou

Trigger rate extrapolation – Jet 100 GeV Primary vertex multiplicity vs inst. luminosity Predicted cross section vs inst. luminosity 3rd order poly 3rd order poly Trigger cross section vs primary vertex multipl. 2nd order poly BNL, June 2006 Vaia Papadimitriou

Trigger rate extrapolation – B hadronic two track trigger Primary vertex multiplicity vs inst. luminosity Predicted cross section vs inst. luminosity 3rd order poly 3rd order poly Trigger cross section vs primary vertex multipl. 2nd order poly BNL, June 2006 Vaia Papadimitriou

J/y triggers for higher luminosity Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Prescale DPS CMU1.5/CMU1.5 df<1200, oppQ J/yCMUCMU L2 10:1:1 CMU1.5/CMX2 df<1200, oppQ J/yCMUCMX L2 10:1:1 CMU1.5/CMX2 df<1200, oppQ J/yCMUCMX L2 PS=25 CMU1.5/CMU1.5 df<1200, oppQ J/yCMUCMU L2 PS=2 5 CMU1.5/CMU1.5 J/yCMUCMU no pres. CMU1.5/CMX2 J/yCMUCMX no pres. CMUP4 auto J/yCMUCMU L2 50:10:1 CMUP4 auto J/yCMUCMX L2 50:10:1 CMUP4 CMUP8 J/yCMUCMU L2 10:1:1 CMUP4 CMUP8 J/yCMUCMX L2 10:1:1 DPS 1.75, 2.5 GeV/c 2< mT < 4 GeV - CDF psi mode systematics same as Belle’s best result! However result is statistically limited - CDF hadronic modes have only slightly larger systematics, but improved statistical power - D0 B+/B0 ratio at HFAG level – Interesting technique - D0 Bs lifetime update is best measurement so far (improved CDF Run I measurement in semileptonics) DPS DPS DPS DPS BNL, June 2006 Vaia Papadimitriou

Preparation for doing physics at highest luminosity Dedicated studies to understand evolution of Tracking, Lepton Identification, B-Jet Tagging, Missing Energy Resolution, Jet Corrections, etc. Strategy: Use Monte Carlo: over-lay additional minimum-bias events to simulate luminosity up to 3 E32 Use data: in bins of # of interactions/event; makes use of the bunch-to-bunch luminosity variations to gain a level arm to higher luminosity Data vs MC comparison Online Trigger/DAQ Offline computing detector Analysis/meetings PRL ~100s ns ~ µs to ~ms ~weeks ~ months BNL, June 2006 Vaia Papadimitriou

Tracking: High Occupancy Physics Avg now 2007-09 Peak (3 E32) vs number of z vertices At highest luminosities: COT efficiency more significantly impacted SVX efficiency minimally affected Top, Higgs,… on Average: 10% (relative) loss in B-tag efficiency BNL, June 2006 Vaia Papadimitriou

1% Tracking: Low Occupancy Physics B, W, … No significant effect on this type of CDF physics program BNL, June 2006 Vaia Papadimitriou

Conclusions The Tevatron is running very well (1.53 fb-1 delivered) Many new results The Tevatron is expected to provide 4.3 – 8.1 fb-1 by October 2009 Typical peak luminosities of the order of 1.5-1.6 x 1032 now and 2.0-3.0 x 1032 expected CDF and D0 have of the order of 107 J/y’s each in 1fb-1 of data They expect to retain similar yields up to 2 x 1032 and 80-95% of the yield per fb-1 at higher peak luminosities A lot of answers and surprises awaiting!! BNL, June 2006 Vaia Papadimitriou

Backup Backup Slides BNL, June 2006 Vaia Papadimitriou

Tevatron Performance FY06 FY05 FY02 FY06 FY05 FY04 FY03 FY02 Design FY05 Base FY02 FY06 FY05 FY04 FY03 FY02 BNL, June 2006 Vaia Papadimitriou

Expected Weekly Luminosity BNL, June 2006 Vaia Papadimitriou

Data Analysis and physics results turn around time Data Analysis processing power: 8.2 THz - distributed among 10 Central Analysis Farms (CAFs) 5.8THz on-site (30% from non-FNAL funds), 2.4 THz off-site (for Monte Carlo) Improvement - use a single entry point for job submission to offsite CAFs expands CPU resources available for CDF and increases efficiency of their use (world-wide CDF-Grid of CPU clusters) Physics results turn around time: recent 1 fb-1 data to 1st physics result ~ 10 weeks Online Trigger/DAQ Offline computing detector Analysis/meetings PRL ~100s ns ~ µs to ~ms ~weeks ~ months BNL, June 2006 Vaia Papadimitriou

Antiproton Parameters BNL, June 2006 Vaia Papadimitriou

Future Pbar Work Lithium Lens (0 – 15%) DRF1 Voltage (5%) Lens Gradient from 760T/m to 1000 T/m Slip Stacking (7%) Currently at 7.5x1012 on average Design 8.0x1012 on average AP2 Line (5-30%) Lens Steering AP2 Steer to apertures AP2 Lattice Debuncher Aperture (13%) Currently at 30-32um Design to 35um DRF1 Voltage (5%) Currently running on old tubes at 4.0 MEV Need to be a t 5.3 MeV Accumulator & D/A Aperture (20%) Currently at 2.4 sec Design to 2.0 sec Stacktail Efficiency Can improve core 4-8 GHz bandwidth by a factor of 2 Timeline Effects SY120 takes up 7% of the timeline BNL, June 2006 Vaia Papadimitriou

Trigger cross section/rate extrapolation is based on existing data One example: High Pt CMX Muon Current XFT Upgraded XFT Main reason for the growth of trigger cross section is the increasing # of interactions per bunch crossing By counting the number of vertices found offline, one could estimate the effective luminosity Variation of bunch to bunch luminosity due to anti-proton intensity… Those information is used for rate extrapolation and cross checks Confirmation of XFT tracks by stereo layers is expected to yield a substantial reduction of fakes BNL, June 2006 Vaia Papadimitriou

At highest luminosities: Tracking (SVX & COT): High Occupancy Physics At highest luminosities: SVX efficiency minimally affected COT efficiency more significantly impacted #hits on tracks SVX COT Number of interactions per event BNL, June 2006 Vaia Papadimitriou