Antibacterial and Phytochemical Properties of Some Nigerian Medicinal plant on Salmonella Species Isolated from Human Stool in Owo local Government, Ondo State.

Introduction A medicinal plant is any plant which, in one or more of its organs, contains substances that can be used for therapeutic purposes, or which are precursors for chemo-pharmaceutical semi-synthesis. When a plant is designated as ‘medicinal’, it is implied that the said plant is useful as a drug or therapeutic agent or an active ingredient of a medicinal preparation. Medicinal plants may therefore be defined as a group of plants that possess some special properties or virtues that qualify them as articles of drugs and therapeutic agents, and are used for medicinal purposes

Example Many plants produce special substances in their roots, leaves, flowers, or seeds that help them to survive. For example, some plants make nasty-tasting substances to defend themselves against plant-eating animals. Since earliest times, people have gathered these substances to create herbal medicines to treat certain diseases. Many of the powerful drugs used in modern medicines originated in plants. Today’s plant-based drugs treat a range of diseases, from headaches to cancer (Wisegeek 2010).

SALMONELLA Salmonella is a genus of rod-shaped, Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, predominantly motile enterobacteria with diameters around 0.7 to 1.5 µm, lengths from 2 to 5 µm, and flagella that grade in all directions (i.e., peritrichous). They are chemoorganotrophs, obtaining their energy from oxidation and reduction reactions using organic sources, and are facultative anaerobes. Most species produce hydrogen sulfide,(Jantsch et.al.,2011.) which can readily be detected by growing them on media containing ferrous sulfate

Salmonella as disease-causing agents Salmonella infections are zoonotic and can be transferred between humans and nonhuman animals. Many infections are due to ingestion of contaminated foods (Rothschild et.al.,2012). In speaking of other salmonella serotypes, enteritis Salmonella and Salmonella typhoid/paratyphoid Salmonella, the latter - because of a special virulence factor and a capsule protein (virulence antigen)—can cause serious illness, such as Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhi. Salmonella typhi is adapted to humans and does not occur in other animals

Local name, Common name and botanical name of medicinal plants under study. Plant part Used Imi esu Goat weed Ageratum conyzoides Leaf Ewe Tea Lemon Grass Cymbopogon citarus Ewe Iya Benth Alchornea laxiflora Iyeye Hog Plum Spondia mombin

Preparation and extraction of plant materials sterile distilled water , (2)Absolute ethanol, (3) ethyl acetate Akinside, and Olukoya (1995) and (Akinyemi,et.al.,2000)

Test organism Test organism-Clinical and environmental strains of salmonella species as well as typed strains used as test organism and was sourced from a patient stool at the Federal Medical centre, in Owo and isolated at the department of Microbiology, Federal medical centre, Owo, Ondo state. On State until needed for bioassay

Agar wall diffusion Antimicrobial Assay

PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING METHODS The extracts were analysed for the presence of Alkaloid, Glycosides, Tannins, Saponins, Anthraquinones, Anthocyanosides, Flavonoids, Reducing sugars, Cyanogenic ( Edeoga et.al.,2005,Wall et.al.,1999), review and modified by Sofowora (1993) PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING METHODS

Antibacterial effect of aqueous extracts at 20mg/ml, 40mg/ml and 60mg/ml concentrations. Salmonella typhi Salmonella paratyphi Extract 20mg/ml 40mg/ml 60mg/ml Ageratum conyzoides 7.0 13.0 15.0 10.0 17.0 Cymbopogon citarus 5.0 8.0 Alchornea laxiflora 6.0 11.0 Spondia mombin 14.0 16.0

The unit for zone of inhibition is mm Antibacterial effect of Ethyl acetate extracts at 20mg/ml, 40mg/ml and 60mg/ml concentrations. The unit for zone of inhibition is mm Salmonella typhi Salmonella paratyphi Extracts 20mg/ml 40mg/ml 60ml/ml 60mg/ml Ageratum conyzoides 15.0 17.0 21.0 10.0 13.0 5.0 Cymbopogon citarus 8.0 11.0 4.0 6.0 9.0 Alchornea laxiflora 12.0 14.0 24.0 19.0 Spondia mombin 23.0 25.0 16.0 18.0

Antibacterial effect of Ethanol extracts at 20mg/ml, 40mg/ml and 60mg/ml concentrations. The unit for zone of inhibition is mm Salmonella typhi Salmonella para typhi Extracts 20mg/ml 40mg/ml 60mg/ml Ageratum conyzoides 18.0 19.0 24.0 20.0 22.0 26.0 Cymbopogon citarus 15.0 16.0 17.0 14.0 Alchornea laxiflora 4.0 6.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 Spondia mombin 21.0 29.0

Phytochemical screening results KEY:+ve = Presence of Constituents, -ve = Absence of constituents ± = Slightly present TABLE 8: Minerals present in plant extract (mg/100g) result Plant used Cardiac-Glucoside Tannin Phenol Alkanoid Saponin Phibatanin Steroid Flavonoids Alchornea laxiflora +ve ±ve Ageratum conyzoids Spondia mombin Cymbopogon citarus -ve

Minerals present in plant extract (mg/100g) result Plant used Na K Ca Mg Zn Fe Pb Cu Mn P Alchornea laxiflora 19.82 24.77 29.49 24.21 36.10 6.53 ND 0.02 5.45 35.78 Ageratum conyzoides 20.33 41.21 15.50 25.37 18.75 4.36 15.33 85.43 Spondia mombin 21.37 30.54 23.55 19.67 17.58 10.21 0.03 97.65 Cymbopogon citarus 7.35 5.24 3.55 12.50 8.73 0.50 5.33 6.38

Anti –nutrients present in plant extracts result in percentage (%) KEY: ND =Not Detected Parameters Plant used Alchornea laxiflora Ageratum conyzoides Spondia mombin Cymobogon citarus A B Tannin 2.20 2.10 2.32 2.37 2.30 2.25 ND Phenol 3.50 3.55 2.50 2.47 3.42 3.47 Phylate 17.30 17.27 15.65 15.71 12.36 12.42 1.25 1.30 Oxalate 3.69 3.70 6.57 6.55 8.55 8.59 1.50 2.00 Saponin 13.89 14.01 9.71 9.75 7.51 7.60 Flavonoid 8.53 6.49 10.32 10.40 Alkaloids 1.23 4.25 4.31 4.36 4.37

Proximate Composition percentage of the plant extracts (%) KEYS: CP= Crude Protein, MC= Moisture content ,CHO= Carbohydrate Plant used Ash MC CP Fat Fibre CHO Alchornea laxiflora 11.26 5.70 16.25 5.36 8.47 52.96 B 11.24 5.68 16.30 5.37 8.50 52.91 Ageratum conyzoides 10.30 5.72 15.46 3.68 7.33 57.51 9.75 6.10 15.49 4.25 6.75 57.66 Spondia mombin 7.25 14.75 6.38 5.32 60.94 7.30 5.34 15.32 6.40 5.29 60.35 Cymbopogon citarus 5.27 4.67 5.38 0.25 12.46 72.07 5.31 5.03 5.17 0.22 11.89 72.38

CONCLUSION This study indicates antibacterial activities of Alchornea laxiflora, Ageratum conyzoides, Spondia mombin and Cymbopogon citarus on Salmonella paratyphiand Salmonella typhi. This is in conformity with the work of Kilani (2006) who reported that these extracts if properly enhanced and harnessed could be very useful in health care delivery system for treatment of diseases.