Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

How does your body get energy?

EATING! When we eat, our food is broken down in our bodies to get energy out of it.

What is energy? the ability to do work

What does energy look like in your cells? In cells, energy is stored in the form of ATP!

ATP = Adenosine Triphosphate One big molecule that is made of 5 smaller molecules bonded together. Adenine, ribose, and 3 phosphate groups

How does ATP give cells energy? ATP breaks apart and releases its energy. Example: those candies that you break apart and they have the little pieces of candy in them. ENERGY!!!

When ATP breaks apart, it releases energy and loses a phosphate group. That means that it is now ADP

So, after ATP breaks apart and releases its energy, then what happens? ?????? ADP

It is recharged ADP uses energy and gains an extra P and is recharged back to ATP ADP ATP Energy Energy Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) + Phosphate Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) Partially charged battery Fully charged battery

Released? Stored? What happens to a phosphate bond when energy is… Phosphate bond is broken Stored? Energy is stored when the phosphate bonds are formed. Energy is released when the phosphate bonds are broken. DO ACTIVITY W/ THE MARSHMALLOWS AND CANDY ORANGE SLICES!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Phosphate bond is formed

We eat to get energy. How do the things that we eat get energy?

Remember this?.... Where does the original energy come from? Producer Consumers

The SUN!!! The sun is the number one source of energy. Plants and algae use energy from sunlight to grow and make their own energy. How do they do this?

+ + By a process called photosynthesis. Photo-synthesis: “putting together with light” + + Get students to think about the word photosynthesis…. Draw back on their root words and have them try to separate the word on their own to figure out what it means! So when a plant combines the energy from sunlight with water and carbon dioxide from the air, it gets energy!

The chemical reation of photosynthesis is… 6H2O + 6CO2 + light energy C6H12O6 + 6O2

Plants take in carbon dioxide and release oxygen.

Photosynthesis happens in the leaves of the plant! We take in oxygen by breathing. How does carbon dioxide get into the leaves of the plants? The stomata! small openings in the leaves of the plant.

Leaves have special parts called chloroplasts! Inside each chloroplast is where the photosynthesis reaction takes place.

O O

Why don’t we get energy from sunlight when we spend time outside?? Chloroplasts in plants have a molecule called chlorophyll that has the ability to absorb the energy from sunlight. Tell students that it seems whenever we go out in the sun for a long time we fill tired. Plants get energy from it… what’s up with that???

Chlorophyll is a pigment A pigment is a light absorbing molecule. Chlorophyll is what gives leaves their green color. Stop and do the first part of the of the chlorophyll extraction lab!!! http://www.teachertube.com/members/viewVideo.php?video_id=75807&title=Leaf_Pigment_Chromatography

If plants get their energy from sunlight, how do they survive at night? Photosynthesis has 2 parts, one that takes place in light and one that takes place in dark.

Light Reactions LIGHT WATER The “photo” part! LIGHT WATER Purpose: to take sunlight and turn it into chemical energy (ATP) LIGHT REACTIONS Needs chlorophyll! ATP OXYGEN

Calvin Cycle (Dark Reaction) The “synthesis” part CARBON DIOXIDE ATP Purpose: to take carbon dioxide and make glucose CALVIN CYCLE GLUCOSE

Chloroplast H2O CO2 Light Light Reactions Calvin Cycle ATP Sugar (Glucose) O2

This process is called chemosynthesis. There is another type of producer that uses chemicals to make food instead of light. This process is called chemosynthesis. Example of a chemosynthesizer is bacteria found in deep sea vents where there is little light and food.

How do we know that photosynthesis takes place? Have students think about his question. Ask them more questions to probe… like what proof do we have…

We can see the organelles that participate in photosynthesis with a microscope! Micro = small Scope = to look at

Robert Hooke was the first person to use the term “cell” when looking under a microscope. He looked at cork under a microscope.

There are many types of microscopes… A simple light microscope was the first type of microscope. Has very low magnification!

What we will use in class!!! A compound light microscope uses light and lenses to magnify an image. Magnifies image 40x What we will use in class!!!

There are 2 types of electron microscopes An electron microscope uses a beam of electrons instead of light. It can magnify up to 500,000x! There are 2 types of electron microscopes TEM: transmission electron microscope SEM: scanning electron microscope Magnifies an image of the surface of an object Magnifies an image of the inside of an object

Eyepiece Objective Lens Arm Stage Fine Focus Knob Diaphragm Eyepiece: what you look through to see the image Arm: used to carry the microscope Stage: supports the slide Base: Light Source: Objective Lens: Diaphragm: regulates the amount of light going through slide Fine Focus Knob: turned to clear blurry pictures Coarse Focus Knob: used to bring objects into rapid focus first Light Source Base Coarse Focus Knob

How do you use a microscope? Always start on low power! Use the coarse adjustment until specimen comes into focus. Change from low to medium power. Use fine adjustment to bring object into focus.

What will you see? Your image will appear inverted and backwards! Image on stage Image you see in eyepiece

How do our bodies take food and make it into energy?

Cellular Respiration! Cellular respiration is a chemical process in which glucose molecules are broken down to release energy (ATP) for cellular functions

What types of organisms undergo cellular respiration? Cellular respiration occurs in ALL living cells!

What happens to the food we eat? 1. We break our food down into small molecules 2. We use the energy stored in the bonds in our food to make ATP 3. A small amount of the food becomes waste

What are some of the things that our body does that requires energy? Physical Activities Running Playing sports Pumping our hearts Cellular Activities Sending messages to our brain Transporting molecules in and out of our cells

Cellular Respiration is a chemical reaction! During chemical reactions, molecules break apart and rearrange to make new molecules.

O2 + C6H12O6  CO2 + H2O + Energy (ATP) Like photosynthesis, cellular respiration has a specific chemical reaction that happens every time. +  We breathe out carbon dioxide We breathe in oxygen and get glucose from our food O2 + C6H12O6  CO2 + H2O + Energy (ATP) (reactants) (products)

Anaerobic respiration Cellular respiration can be divided into 2 main parts. Anaerobic respiration Aerobic respiration

Anaerobic Respiration Happens in the cytoplasm of a cell Does NOT need oxygen!

Aerobic Respiration Happens in the mitochondria of a cell Requires oxygen

The steps in cellular respiration… Step 1: Glycolysis

Glycolysis is an anaerobic respiration process… ____ ___ glucose to break apart cytoplasm Glycolysis is an anaerobic respiration process… cytoplasm Therefore, glycolysis happens in the ___________ and does NOT require ________. oxygen

(breaking apart glucose) Glycolysis (breaking apart glucose) 1. Food (glucose) enters the cytoplasm of the cell. cytoplasm

Glycolysis 2. Enzymes break glucose into 2 molecules. (breaking apart glucose) 2. Enzymes break glucose into 2 molecules. This part uses 2 ATP molecules!! 2 ATP + GLUCOSE 2 PYRUVIC ACIDS

(breaking apart glucose) Glycolysis (breaking apart glucose) 3. When the bonds in glucose break, energy is released and stored in 4 ATP!!

*** The net gain of glycolysis is 2 ATP*** Glycolysis makes 4 ATP and uses 2 ATP *** The net gain of glycolysis is 2 ATP***

The products of glycolysis are… Recap! The products of glycolysis are… Pyruvate 2 ATP’s

Therefore, the process must continue!!! After finishing glycolysis the cell has only taken out 10% of one glucose molecule! Therefore, the process must continue!!!

The steps in cellular respiration… Step 1: Glycolysis Step 2: ???????????? The next step depends on what the conditions of the cell are.

Anaerobic Respiration Glycolysis Is there is oxygen available to the cell? YES! NO! Aerobic Respiration Anaerobic Respiration

Aerobic Respiration (1 Glucose) (2 Pyruvates) The products of glycolysis move into the mitochondria where they are used for aerobic respiration.

Aerobic Respiration Kreb’s Cycle Electron Transport Chain During aerobic respiration, 2 processes take place in the mitochondria. Kreb’s Cycle Electron Transport Chain

The Krebs Cycle KREBS CYCLE!

Electron Transport Chain Uses high energy electrons to convert ADP to ATP. Also forms water!

Together the Krebs Cycle and the Electron Transport Chain make 34 ATP molecules!

O2 + C6H12O6  CO2 + H2O + Energy (ATP) Aerobic Respiration O2 + C6H12O6  CO2 + H2O + Energy (ATP) Made in Krebs Cycle Made in Electron Transport Chain TOTAL PRODUCTS: CO2 H2O ATP

Anaerobic Respiration Glycolysis Is there is oxygen available to the cell? YES! NO! Aerobic Respiration Anaerobic Respiration

Anaerobic Respiration Releasing energy from food molecules by producing ATP WITHOUT oxygen Remember, anaerobic respiration happens in the ___________. cytoplasm

2 types of Anaerobic Respiration Lactic Acid Fermentation Alcoholic Fermentation

Lactic Acid Fermentation Occurs in ANIMAL cells when oxygen is ABSENT Occurs during rapid periods of exercise when the body cannot supply enough oxygen to the tissues/muscles

Why do our muscles burn after we workout? Lactic acid fermentation taking place in our muscles!

Alcoholic Fermentation Occurs is PLANT cells and YEAST in the ABSENCE of oxygen

How does yeast make bread rise? One of the products of alcoholic fermentation is carbon dioxide. The carbon dioxide makes the little air pockets in bread and makes it rise.

Anaerobic Respiration O2 + C6H12O6  CO2 + H2O + Energy (ATP) Even though anaerobic respiration is completed in a different way, the products are the same as in aerobic respiration!!!!! TOTAL PRODUCTS: CO2 H2O ATP