Conjoined Twins Most of conjoined twins occurred as a result of certain defects occurred during separation of the cell-stage of first cleavage of monozygotic twins.

Conjoined Twins

Bilateral cleft lip

Abnormal Monsters (Conjugated Twins)

Abnormal Monsters (Conjugated Twins)

Normal values of semen variables Standard tests 2.0 ml or more volume 7.2-8.0 pH 20x106 spermatozoa/ml or more sperm concentration 40x106spermatozoa per ejaculate or more total sperm count 50% or more with forward progression(categories a and b)or 25% or more with rapid progression(category a)within 60 minutes of ejaculation motility 30% or more with normal forms morphology 75% or more live,i.e.,excluding dye vitality fewer than 1x106/ml white blood cells fewer than 20% spermatozoa with adherent particles immunobead test fewer than 10% spermatozoa with adherent particles MAR test Optional tests 20 mU or more per ejaculate a -Glucosidase(neutral) 2.4 m -mol or more per ejaculate zinc(total) 52 m -mol or more per ejaculate citric acid(total) 200 U or more per ejaculate acid phosphatase(total) 13 m -mol or more per ejaculate fructose(total)

Pattern of Sperm abnormalities: Oligospermia : Sperm concentration less than 20 million/ ml. Asthenozoospermia : fewer than 50% spermatozoa . Teratozoospermia: Fewer than 30% spermatozoa with normal morphology. Azoospermia : No spermatozoa in the ejaculate. Aspermia : No ejaculate.