Chapter 21 Lesson 2 Journal Question: Theo is in a car accident and is taken to the emergency room (ER). He tells the ER doctor that he has coronary heart disease and is taking medications to control his condition. The ER doctor notices that Theo has a large contusion on his leg and is bleeding profusely from his right arm. What does the doctor have to consider now that he has a better understanding of Theo’s medical history?

Chapter Goals (cont’d) Differentiate among the various classes of drugs and learn their primary actions and side effects. Define medical terms using combining forms, prefixes, and suffixes that relate to pharmacology. Apply your new knowledge to understanding medical terms in their proper contexts, such as medical reports and records.

Classes of Drugs Analgesics Anesthetics Antibiotics and Antivirals Anticoagulants Anticonvulsants Antidepressants Antidiabetics Antihistamines Antiosteoporosis Cardiovascular Endocrine Gastrointestinal Respiratory Sedatives and Hypnotics Stimulants Tranquilizers Students can look up all the examples of these drugs and be given assignments to report back to class. What are the different types of analgesics, and how do they compare in potency, action, etc.?

Cardiovascular Drugs Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors Angiotensin II receptor antagonists Antiarrhythmics Beta-blockers Calcium antagonists or calcium channel blockers Cholesterol-lowering drugs Diuretics These are the classes of cardiovascular drugs. There are complex mechanisms for making the heart work better. These mechanisms are based on principles regulating blood pressure, and the biophysics of the electrical properties of the heart muscle, which is innervated by the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. Know some examples of each class of cardiac drugs and their actions on the heart. Ask students how cardiovascular drugs differ in their action on the heart.

Endocrine Drugs Androgens Antiandrogens Estrogens Antiestrogen Selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) Progestins Thyroid hormone Glucocorticoids Here is an expanded list of the endocrine class of drug therapy. This class is important because of our aging population and many of these drugs (e.g., tamoxifen) are used to treat not only symptoms of aging (menopause), but also degenerative diseases such as cancers that arise from the reproductive organs. Students can be asked to give examples of endocrine drugs.

Gastrointestinal Drugs Antacids Antiulcer (e.g., histamine receptor blockers) Antidiarrheal Cathartics (laxatives or purgatives) Antinauseants (antiemetics) There are many mechanisms of action in this classification. Know some examples and the mechanisms. It is also important to know whether the drug relieves the symptom or the cause. For example, where in a series of events leading to increased stomach acid does the drug work? Ask students to provide examples of drugs that relieve symptoms and drugs that affect the cause of a disease.

Combining Forms and Terminology Combining Form Meaning aer/o air alges/o sensitivity to pain bronch/o bronchial tube chem/o drug cras/o mixture cutane/o skin derm/o skin erg/o work

Combining Forms and Terminology (cont’d) Combining Form Meaning esthes/o feeling, sensation hist/o tissue hypn/o sleep iatr/o treatment lingu/o tongue myc/o mold, fungus narc/o stupor or/o mouth

Combining Forms and Terminology (cont’d) Combining Form Meaning pharmac/o drug prurit/o itching pyret/o fever thec/o sheath (of brain and spinal cord) tox/o poison toxic/o poison vas/o vessel ven/o vein vit/o life

Prefixes and Terminology Prefix Meaning ana- upward, excessive anti- against contra- against, opposite par- other than, apart syn- together, with

QUICK QUIZ: Which term means prevents nausea and vomiting? antibiotic anticoagulant antiplatlet antiemetic Correct answer is D: antiemetic.

QUICK QUIZ: Which term means prevents nausea and vomiting? antibiotic anticoagulant antiplatlet antiemetic Correct answer is D: antiemetic.