Chapter 25 The Sixties 1960-1968

John F. Kennedy (JFK) ’61-’63

I. The Freedom Movement SNCC formed 1960 CORE organized the “Freedom Rides” in 1961 Resistance to Civil Rights: Albany, Georgia pushes back SNCC ‘61 James Meredith – ‘62

I. The Freedom Movement (con’t) 1963, Martin Luther King, Jr., led a demonstration in Birmingham MLK decided to send black children into the streets to march Bull Connor unleashed his forces against the children. America horrified.

I. The Freedom Movement (con’t) The March on Washington, 1963 250,000 blacks and whites held rally in DC MLK delivered the “I Have a Dream” speech

II. The Kennedy Years Kennedy and the World Peace Corps Space program Alliance for Progress = aid for Latin America The Bay of Pigs Invasion, 1961 Kennedy failed at ousting Castro from power in Cuba

II. The Kennedy Years (con’t) The Cuban Missile Crisis – 1962 Kennedy decided not to invade Cuba – and avoided a nuclear holocaust After the crisis, Kennedy moved to reduce Cold War tensions Limited Test-Ban Treaty

II. The Kennedy Years (con’t) Kennedy and Civil Rights Kennedy not interested in Civil Rights Birmingham in 1963 forced Kennedy to get involved The Assassination Kennedy was shot on November 22, 1963, in Dallas

Johnson Swearing In, 1963

Lyndon Baines Johnson (LBJ) ’63-’69

III. Lyndon Johnson’s Presidency Johnson very interested in Civil Rights In 1964, Congress passed the Civil Rights Act Twenty-fourth Amendment – Poll Tax “Freedom Summer” - 1964 Southern blacks still couldn’t vote A voter registration drive in Mississippi Three Civil Rights workers murdered. Two white, one black

III. Lyndon Johnson’s Presidency (con’t) Selma and Voting Rights In 1965 King led a march from Selma to Montgomery, Alabama Violence on TV led the federal government to act. Federal judge declared march was legal 1965 Voting Rights Act

III. Lyndon Johnson’s Presidency (con’t) The Great Society A response to prosperity, (rather than Depression) The “War of Poverty” Job training for the poor Poverty dropped from 22% to 13%

IV. The Changing Black Movement The Ghetto Uprising Watts riot 1965 6 Days, 50,000 rioters 35 dead, 900 injured and $30 million in property damage MLK turned to issue of economic equality Chicago Freedom Movement failed (1966)

IV. The Changing Black Movement (con’t) Malcolm X – Rights “by any means necessary” Assassinated in 1965 His Autobiography became a bestseller 1966

IV. The Changing Black Movement (con’t) The Rise of Black Power, 1966 No more “non-violent” protest A new self-assertion SNCC and CORE kicked out whites Black Panther Party born in Oakland 1966 SNCC took “Nonviolent” out of their name ‘67

V. Vietnam and the New Left SDS, 1962 “Participatory Democracy” The Free Speech Movement - 1964 Students at UC-Berkeley Mario Savio

V. Vietnam and the New Left (con’t) America and Vietnam A generational rebellion, young versus old Kennedy and Johnson afraid to pull US out. Didn’t want to look weak. The Domino Theory – If Vietnam falls to communism, all SE Asia will fall

V. Vietnam and the New Left (con’t) Lyndon Johnson’s War Congress passed the Gulf of Tonkin resolution (1964) LBJ: huge escalation of troops in 1965 By 1968, half a million troops in Vietnam

The Vietnam War, 1964–1975 • pg. 1004 The Vietnam War, 1964–1975

V. Vietnam and the New Left (con’t) The Antiwar Movement SDS began antiwar demonstrations in 1965 Antiwar movement was centered on college campuses

V. Vietnam and the New Left (con’t) The Counterculture A cultural revolt against affluence, war, and the impersonal “technocracy” Rejection of authority and “experts” Mistrust of Government. The “Credibility Gap” Desire to resurrect “human” connections: Love, community, family

V. Vietnam and the New Left (con’t) Friendship and pleasure more important than the pursuit of wealth Liberation centered on the free individual Sexual freedom By the late 1960’s, the movement had abandoned utopian aspirations Now, it’s sex, drugs, and rock and roll…

VI. The New Movements and the Rights Revolution Feminism Betty Friedan’s The Feminine Mystique 1963 National Organization for Women (NOW) formed 1966 Disruption of 1968 Miss America Pageant Abortion rights became an issue

VI. The New Movements and the Rights Revolution (con’t) Gay Liberation Stonewall Bar uprising, 1969 Latino Activism Cesar Chavez “Chicano” movement is born

VI. The New Movements and the Rights Revolution (con’t) Red Power American Indian Movement (AIM) Indians of All Nations Red Power movement

VI. The New Movements and the Rights Revolution (con’t) The New Environmentalism Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring, 1962 Environmentalism had the broadest bipartisan support of any of the social movements The First “Earth Day”, April 22, 1970 The “Ecology” movement born

VI. The New Movements and the Rights Revolution (con’t) Consumer Activism Ralph Nader The Rights Revolution The Warren Court – expanded rights throughout the 1960’s Miranda v. Arizona Baker v. Carr The “Right to Privacy” Roe V. Wade

VII. 1968 A Year of Turmoil Tet Offensive in Vietnam LBJ withdrew from 1968 election MLK assassinated Columbia University student strike Robert Kennedy assassinated Chicago Democratic National Convention – “a police riot” on protestors

VII. 1968 (con’t) Nixon’s Comeback Violence led to a conservative reaction Richard Nixon said he was leader of the “silent majority”

The Presidential Election of 1964 • pg. 991

The Presidential Election of 1968 • pg. 1019

Figure 25.1 • pg. 994