Toulmin Model of Argumentation [Persuasive Writing]

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Presentation transcript:

Toulmin Model of Argumentation [Persuasive Writing] Steven Toulmin - a philosopher; mastered the art of rhetoric. He studied the Greek philosophers and found a formula to express his argument. Rhetoric is the art of persuasive speaking or writing. Courtroom: two sides Prosecution and Defense Prosecution: Grand Theft Auto CLAIM: The Defendant is guilty is that enough? No DATA (evidence): * he was caught with the keys DATA (evidence): * the car is in his garage DATA (evidence): * his fingerprints are on the car Defense: CLAIM: not guilty DATA (evidence): * other fingerprints are on the car DATA (evidence): * he was borrowing the car DATA (evidence): * he was somewhere else [alibi] **CANNOT HAVE CLAIM WITHOUT DATA**

**You MUST research the DATA before you have an opinion (CLAIM). Use logic or emotion to sway the jury - (your reader) You have to decide which case is stronger. This depends on how you as the writer/attorney defend your case. Know what words to use Elements used to persuade Logos - logic (reasoning- mostly used in an argument) Pathos - emotion (example abortion - bring in pictures) 3. Ethos- credibility (ethical appeal- we believe people we respect) CLAIM - the opinion. The statement that sets up what is to be argued. This statement must be strong and eloquent (well thought out-refined) Example: Dress codes are not good. [Not strong] DO NOT use linking verbs in a claim. Example: To be or not to be - To act or not to act **BE SPECIFIC WHEN YOU CHOOSE A VERB DATA-evidence /information that supports the CLAIM; the proof that backs up your opinion **You MUST research the DATA before you have an opinion (CLAIM).

**THE CLAIM MUST BE ARGUABLE** How do you come to an opinion? You research the facts **THE CLAIM MUST BE ARGUABLE** Example: I like pizza. [Not arguable; it is just about you. A matter of opinion is not arguable.] 1. Has to be a topic that is controversial. 2. The topic must be able to be defended. *Be careful! You can’t be emotional when you choose your argument. You may be so emotional that you don’t even know what to say. How many of you already had an argument today?