US History Review

First Americans came from Asia Supposedly crossed the Bering Strait during the Ice Age

3 Reasons for Travel Political: Become a world power through gaining wealth and land. (GLORY) Economic: Search for new trade routes with direct access to Asian/African luxury goods would enrich individuals and their nations (GOLD) Religious: spread Christianity and weaken Middle Eastern Muslims. (GOD)

European Colonization the Big 4 four Spain Dutch France Portugal

European Colonization The Portuguese Colonized the South America in the area of what would become Brazil

The Spanish Started in Caribbean, then Central and South America—most important was conquest of Aztecs by Cortez (1521) and Incas by Pizzaro (1531)

The French French settle Quebec (1608) & Montreal (1642) and what would become Canada Develop a fur trade

Christopher Columbus: The man behind the myth

North America: Colonial Governments and Imperial Policy 10

The French in North America Weak empire Not much interest Only want Trade Few colonists Catholic Samuel de Champlain 1607 Quebec Indian alliances Hurons

Indians and Empires (Beaver Wars) French trade alliances with the Hurons Hurons supplied beaver pelts and skins/furs to the French Dutch and British moved into New York region, seeking trade with Indians Iroquois Confederacy and Hurons were previous competitors Iroquois moved into fur trade, conflicted with Hurons Disease and war killed most Hurons, Iroquois took over much fur trade Dutch and British competed over fur trade with Iroquois

The French and the Mississippi River The experience with the Hurons taught French not to rely too much on one Native group Also needed to expand for political purposes Explored down the Mississippi River in late 1600s Trade alliances with Illinois, Shawnees, Quapaws Uneasy peace with the Iroquois Thin but large French trading empire

Founding of New England WHY? Because of growing concern about the size of the French trading empire British colonization of New England grew out of political and religious problems in England rather than the search for colonies to produce wealth for the Crown (Spain)

British Colonial Trade The Triangular Trade Route 15

British Religious Politics King James (of King James Bible fame) wanted to purge England of radical Protestants known as Puritians who attacked the Anglican Church Puritans mainly followed ideas of John Calvin, and sought a “purer” version of Christianity, uncorrupted by the money and politics of the Anglican Church Separatists formed out of Puritan groups and decided the Church was too corrupt to reform, so they left to the colonies…

Plymouth Colony 1620’s -New England, Mass -Puritans split from Anglican Church -Separatists thought Church was corrupt and left Europe -Pilgrims specific group to land in Plymouth, MA to establish a colony of “true believers” -John Winthrop, “A City Upon a Hill”

The Dominion of New England, 1688 English colonists exercised a considerable degree of political autonomy. Most political structures allowed free white men with property an active voice in local affairs. The King wanted to assert more control over the independent assemblies and enforce economic restrictions. James II 18

The Dominion of New England, 1688 In 1686, the colonial charters of New England, New York, and New Jersey were revoked and the region was politically consolidated as the Dominion of New England. The colonists were deprived of their ability to govern themselves, levy taxes, and control religious expression. The colonists were subject to the autocratic rule of Sir Edmund Andros for two years. Sir Edmund Andros 19

The Glorious Revolution in America, 1689 In 1688, leading English members of Parliament opposed James II for trying to reestablish absolute monarchy and promote Catholicism. They arranged for William of Orange to invade England and restore their liberties. King James fled England. This bloodless coup transformed England into a constitutional monarchy. William of Orange and his wife Mary became joint rulers after accepting the English Bill of Rights. 20

Comparisons between Empires 1600s France: Fur trade, Jesuits, weak empire, Indian alliances, dependency British: Late arrivals; full colonization; hostile Indian relations; conformity & exclusion Spain: Full colonization, presidios, missions, labor, big empire, powerful state, inclusion of Indians into society