Marine environmental awareness course

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Presentation transcript:

Marine environmental awareness course Underwater noise Name – Date

Shipping noise Contents Introduction Use of sound underwater Sources of underwater noise Impacts of underwater noise The role of shipping Solutions 2 Photo credits: P. Gallego/North Sea Foundation

1. Introduction Marine animals use sound underwater Ships became motorized and grew in size: human-related underwater noise increased Underwater noise interferes with the use of sound by animals Difficult for animals to avoid disturbance Photo credits: www.BeeldbankVenW.nl, Rijkswaterstaat/North Sea Foundation

2. Use of sound underwater In the ocean, visibility is limited Sound travels faster and further in water Marine mammals use sound as a primary sense Photo credits: NOAA’s Ark, animal collection / Karen Varndell 2008, Marine Photobank

Use of sound by marine mammals Communication To maintain social order To attract mates To demonstrate fitness Bond between calf and mother To stimulate cooperation To warn for danger Echolocation Navigation Photo credits: NOAA’s Ark, animal collection / ProSea

Use of sound by other animals Many species of fish and invertebrates use sound to attract mates to ward off predators Toadfish Spiny lobster Photo credits: NOAA’s Ark, animal collection

3. Sources of underwater noise Natural sources Biological Physical Human activities Photo credits: ProSea / www.BeeldbankVenW.nl, Rijkswaterstaat / North Sea Foundation

4. Impacts of under water noise Human produced sounds cause problems: Loud background noise Same-frequency sounds Masking of important sounds Treshold shift Sudden pressure change Change of behaviour Ship strikes Photo credits: NOAA Maryland Department of Natural Resources

Source: R. Kastelein

5. Role of shipping Past decades: more and bigger ships Large ships produce relatively loud and low-frequency sounds Photo credits: North Sea Foundation / ProSea

Shipping increases underwater background noise in general Frequency band of vessel noise, 10Hz – 1 kHz, overlaps with the frequencies generally produced by whales, seals and sea lions Illustration credits: NOAA

6. Solutions Underwater noise of shipping not regulated Recognised as an issue by IMO – MEPC Technically possible to construct quieter ships, including adaptions to propellers

Questions?