Effects of Oncoming Vehicle Size on Overtaking Judgments Find powerpoint that is relevant Vivian R. Nelson, Samuel J. Levulis, & Patricia R. DeLucia

Background Overtaking -Risky event -Drivers must make judgements (Grey and Regan, 2005) Levulis, S. J., DeLucia, P. R., & Jupe, J. (2015) Overtaking -risk -drivers L & d Citation for data presented

Experiment 1 Purpose: Examine whether overtaking judgments are influenced by size of an oncoming vehicle Oncoming vehicles alternated between a motorcycle, a car, or a truck on a two-lane highway Participants were told that they should pass lead car if they felt it was safe Participants accepted more gaps in front of the motorcycle Results supported overtaking judgments were influenced by size The size of vehicle was confounded with the type of the vehicle Add task of what participants did in experiment after saying on two-lane highway Add screenshot of what participants saw Less text more images A limitation of ex 1 was that size of the vehicle confounded with the type of the vehicle While it both experiments had the limitation of would have been the perceived threat so, the perceived threat still remained after ex 2 A view of a scene.

Experiment 2 Purpose: To tease apart the effects of vehicle size and type Oncoming vehicles alternated between a small motorcycle, a large motorcycle, as well as a small truck and a large truck on a two-lane highway Participants accepted more gaps when the oncoming vehicle was a small motorcycle or a small truck compared to the large motorcycle and truck Size, but not vehicle type influenced overtaking judgments An alternative explanation remained: Perceived Threat Participants may have perceived a collision with a larger vehicle as more harmful Add task of what participants did in experiment after saying on two-lane highway Add screenshot of what participants saw Less text more images A limitation of ex 1 was that size of the vehicle confounded with the type of the vehicle While it both experiments had the limitation of would have been the perceived threat so, the perceived threat still remained after ex 2

The Current Study Purpose Examine whether overtaking judgments are influenced by the size of an oncoming vehicle when the actual threat of the oncoming vehicle is removed If we eliminate the real threat of head-on collisions will overtaking judgments still be influenced by the size of an oncoming vehicle?

Method Participants Twenty-four college students (12 male, 12 female) Age ranged from 19 to 51 years old (M = 24) (SD = 7.1) All held a driver’s license Introduce image as it is a top down view of the scene For

Method Display A STISIMTM driving simulator was used to depict a car-following scenario on a straight, three-lane, two-way highway In each scene, vehicle in the oncoming lane varied in size (small motorcycle, small truck, large motorcycle, and large truck) Auditory tone sounded 7 s after scene began A screen shot of a scene.

Method Procedure Active Participants: Passive Participants Given control of their vehicle when tone sounded Instructed to pass if they felt they could do so before the oncoming vehicle reached the position in the road adjacent to where they would re-enter the right lane Passive Participants Steering and speed automatically controlled Instructed to press one of two buttons to indicate decision Introduce image as it is a top down view of the scene For A top down view of a practice scene. Note: the red line did not appear in the experiment; nor did yellow cab appear

Independent Variables Control Type Active and passive Manipulations Oncoming vehicle (e.g.: small & large motorcycle + small and large truck) Distance of oncoming vehicle (1500ft, 2000ft) Speed of oncoming vehicle (45, 55, and 65mph) Speed of participant's vehicle (30, 40, and 50 mph) Note: larger versions of these vehicles were produced

Dependent Variables Percentage of accepted gaps Percentage of false alarms Sensitivity (d’) Response bias (β)

Results Percentage of Accepted Gaps Mention: there was no difference between the passive and active condition. These results will show the effect of vehicle type.

Results Percentage of False Alarms

Results Sensitivity

Results Response Bias

Conclusions Found the same effect of vehicle size as Levulis et al. (2015) Even when the possibility of a head-on collision was removed Suggest the effect is likely a perceptual issue (e.g., smaller vehicles are perceived to be farther away while larger vehicles are perceived to be closer) collisions are partly due to misjudging the distance and speed of oncoming vehicles

Implications Drivers use perceptual cues when driving Size-arrival-effect (Delucia, 2013) Smaller objects are perceived as being farther away and larger objects are perceived to be closer Development of an “overtaking assistant” Concepts have been developed but are not commercially available Educate drivers to help prevent accidents Forbid overtaking within certain areas??

References DeLucia, P. R. (2013). Effects of size on collision perception and implications for perceptual theory and transportation safety. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 22, 199-204. Gray, R., & Regan, D. M. (2005). Perceptual processes used by drivers during overtaking in a driving simulator. Human factors, 47, 394-417. Levulis, S. J., DeLucia, P. R., & Jupe, J. (2015). Effects of oncoming vehicle size on overtaking judgments. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 82, 163-170.

Acknowledgements REU Program Dr. Delucia Lab B15 TTU Staff This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. 1559393

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