Unit 4: Genetic Information, Variation and Relationships between Organisms Lesson 2 The Triplet Code A sequence of three DNA bases, called a triplet,

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Unit 4: Genetic Information, Variation and Relationships between Organisms Lesson 2 The Triplet Code A sequence of three DNA bases, called a triplet, codes for a specific amino acid. The genetic code is universal, non-overlapping and degenerate. In eukaryotes, much of the nuclear DNA does not code for polypeptides. There are, for example, non-coding multiple repeats of base sequences between genes. Even within a gene only some sequences, called exons, code for amino acid sequences. Within the gene, these exons are separated by one or more non-coding sequences, called introns.

Central Dogma of Genetics Learning Outcomes: Describe what is meant by a triplet code for DNA Explain why the DNA code is universal, non- overlapping and degenerate Discuss how DNA is also made of non-coding DNA even within genes.

Starter: What does this code tell you? Learning Outcomes: Describe what is meant by a triplet code for DNA Explain why the DNA code is universal, non- overlapping and degenerate Discuss how DNA is also made of non-coding DNA even within genes. DNA is made up of a polymer of nucleotides with 4 different types of nucleotide bases. These are Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine. The order of these bases makes a code, which is read in groups of three.

The Triplet code The sequence of 4 different bases is highly specific and different for each gene. Every 3 bases is called a codon or a triplet code. A codon codes for 1 amino acid. (a specific order of codons will code for a polypeptide) Q: How many types of Amino acid are there? Explain how can complex proteins occur then? Learning Outcomes: Describe what is meant by a triplet code for DNA Explain why the DNA code is universal, non- overlapping and degenerate Discuss how DNA is also made of non-coding DNA even within genes.

DNA code is…… 1. Universal All living things use DNA and triplet code as their genetic code to produce proteins 2. Non-overlapping – each codon is read separately: TCTGATACTGGAGGT is read as 5 codons. It is not read as TCT, CTG, TGA, GAT etc. 3. Degenerate More than one codon can code for the same amino acid. Learning Outcomes: Describe what is meant by a triplet code for DNA Explain why the DNA code is universal, non- overlapping and degenerate Discuss how DNA is also made of non-coding DNA even within genes.

Learning Outcomes: Describe what is meant by a triplet code for DNA Explain why the DNA code is universal, non- overlapping and degenerate Discuss how DNA is also made of non-coding DNA even within genes.

Non-coding DNA In the DNA sequence, most of the DNA is non- coding. This is both within genes (Introns and Exons) and between different genes. It does not code for amino acids, which suggests it has other roles: - we don’t know - codes for ribosomal RNA - codes for transfer RNA - codes for siRNA - codes for regRNA Learning Outcomes: Describe what is meant by a triplet code for DNA Explain why the DNA code is universal, non- overlapping and degenerate Discuss how DNA is also made of non-coding DNA even within genes.