The Crusaders HIST 1007 10/28/13

The Crusader States

A Divided East Seljuq Empire Fatimid Empire Assassins Sultans of Hamadan (western Persia) Sultans of Kerman (southern Persia) Sultans of Aleppo (northern Syria) Sultans/Emirs of Damascus (southern Syria) Sultans of Rum (Anatolia) Fatimid Empire Assassins

A Divided East Crusaders Franks (Franj) Byzantines Eastern Christians Western Christians in the Levant to fulfill a crusading vow Franks (Franj) Western Christians living in the Crusader States Byzantines Eastern Christians Armenians Melkites Jacobites Maronites Nestorians

The Second Crusade (1145-1149) Imad al-Din Zengi (d. 1146): Seljuq atabeg of Aleppo and Mosul 1143: Zengi takes Edessa 1145: Pope Eugene III calls for new Crusade Kings Louis VII of France and Conrad III of Holy Roman Empire respond

Counter Crusade Nur al-Din (r. 1146-1174): son of Zengi, inherits rule of Aleppo What does it mean to be a good Muslim ruler? Hires religious scholars to write texts on jihad and the benefits of Jerusalem The righteous ruler is the one who fights the crusaders Jerusalem is prioritized Minbar of al-Aqsa Mosque

Nur al-Din Spends most of his career fighting fellow Muslims 1154: conquers Damascus 1163-1169: conquest of Fatimid Egypt Shirkuh (d. 1169) Kurdish general leads conquest of Egypt uncle of Salah al-Din 1171: disbands Fatimid Caliphate Nur al-Din Madrassa, Damascus

Salah al-Din (r. 1174-1193) Known as the insolent in Nur al-Din’s court 1169: de facto ruler of Egypt 1174: Seizes control of Nur al-Din’s domains after his death 1187: Battle of Hattin Plays the aggressiveness of the crusaders to Muslim advantage Majority of crusader forces ambushed Reynald of Chatillon and Guy of Lusingnan Capture of Jerusalem

Third Crusade (1187-1192) Response to fall of Jerusalem God’s punishment Richard the Lionheart (England) Phillip II (France) Frederick Barbarossa (Holy Roman Empire)

Richard and Salah al-Din Models of chivalry Salah al-Din as the Virtuous Pagan Negotiated peace Salah al-Din retains Jerusalem Christians allowed to make pilgrimage Crusaders hold onto Levantine coast Richard and Salah al-Din in 14th century manuscript

End of the Third Crusade

Ayyubid Dynasty (r. 1171-1341) Preserve Salah al-Din’s Sultanate Egypt as new economic center Egypt as new focus of crusade 1197, 1217, 1229, and 1249 Sixth Crusade (1228-1229) Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II Ayyubid Sultan al-Kamil Jerusalem given to Frederick by way of treaty Frederick II and al-Kamil from 14th century manuscript

Memories of the Crusade Crusades are formative to European history Muslims didn’t much care… Why not? Why do they seem to care so much today? Monument to Salah al-Din, Damascus

Crusades and Modern Middle East European interest in the crusades Sir Walter Scott, The Talisman, 1825 Meets 19th century colonialism 1898: German Emperor Wilhelm II repairs tomb of Salah al-Din Salah al-Din and anti-colonialism Salah al-Din and Arab Nationalism Egyptian coat of arms and tomb of Salah al-Din

Crusades aren’t a big deal compared to… The Mamluk Sultanate r. 1250-1517 Ayyubid ghulams turned sultans The Mongols Steppe nomads organized under Chingis (Genghis) Khan Ilkhanate (r. 1256-1335) Timurids (r. 1370-1507) Mamluk Sultan Baybars and Ilkhan Hulagu Khan