Organic chemistry I

Organic chemistry Subdiscipline involving the study of the structure, properties, and reactions of organic compounds and organic materials, matter in its various forms that contain carbon atoms

Groups of organic compounds Hydrocarbons Alkohols Phenols Carboxilic acids ………. Ethers Esters Amines Amides ……….

http://kids. britannica http://kids.britannica.com/comptons/art-163498/These-are-examples-of-the-leading-types-of-organic-compounds

http://www. compoundchem http://www.compoundchem.com/2014/01/24/functional-groups-in-organic-compounds/

Hydrocarbons Consists entirely of hydrogen and carbon. Hydrocarbons from which one hydrogen atom has been removed are functional groups, called hydrocarbyls

Types of hydrocarbons Saturated (alkanes) Unsaturated (alkenes, alkynes) Cycloalkanes Aromatic

Alkanes (paraffines) They are composed entirely of single bonds and are saturated with hydrogen. The general formula is CnH2n+2 Hydrocarbons with the same molecular formula but different structural formulae are called structural isomers

Alkanes nomenclature https://www.tes.com/lessons/OTnYkjzlrSu_3g/organic-chemistry-nomenclature-alkanes

Alkanes structure http://chemistry.tutorcircle.com/organic-chemistry/alkanes.html

Isomerism Alkanes with more than three carbon atoms can be arranged in various different ways, forming structural isomers. The simplest isomer of an alkane is the one in which the carbon atoms are arranged in a single chain with no branches, the n-isomer. The chain of carbon atoms may also be branched at one or more points.

Isomerism https://onlinesciencehelp.wordpress.com/2013/01/28/isomers-of-pentane/

Branched alkanes nomenclature Identify the longest continuous chain of carbon atoms. Name this longest root chain using standard naming rules. Name each side chain by changing the suffix of the name of the alkane from "-ane" to "-yl„. Number the root chain so that the sum of the numbers assigned to each side group will be as low as possible. Number and name the side chains before the name of the root chain. If there are multiple side chains of the same type, use prefixes such as "di-" and "tri-" to indicate it as such, and number each one. Add side chain names in alphabetical (disregarding "di-" etc. prefixes) order in front of the name of the root chain.

Reactions Combustion CnH2n+2 + [(3n+1)/2]O2 → nCO2 + (n+1)H2O   CH3 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2O            

Reactions Incomplete oxidation 2CH4 + 3O2 → 2CO + 4H2O CH4 + O2   →     C     +  2H2O

Reactions Catalytic oxidation http://www.askiitians.com/iit-jee-chemistry/organic-chemistry/saturated-hydrocarbons/properties-of-alkane.aspx

Reactions Chemical oxidation http://www.askiitians.com/iit-jee-chemistry/organic-chemistry/saturated-hydrocarbons/properties-of-alkane.aspx

Alkenes Unsaturated hydrocarbon that contains at least one carbon–carbon double bond. The words alkene, olefin, and olefine are used often interchangeably. General formula CnH2n. Involves replacing the -ane ending of alkane with -ene.

http://a.files.bbci.co.uk/bam/live/content/zdp4q6f/large

Substituent An atom or group of atoms substituted in place of a hydrogen atom on the parent chain of a hydrocarbon, becoming a moiety of the resultant new molecule.

https://www. researchgate https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Vikramaditya_Talapunur/publication/281448917/figure/fig1/AS:281004334960665@1444008062537/Figure-2-Various-substituents-halogens-and-alkyl-aromatic-and-alkoxy-groups.png

Cis – trans isomers http://www.desu.edu/sites/default/files/u687/chapter7%20posted.pdf

Markovnikov's rule With the addition of a protic acid HX to an unsymmetrical alkene, the acid hydrogen (H) becomes attached to the carbon with fewer alkyl substituents, and the halide (X) group becomes attached to the carbon with more alkyl substituents. Hydrogen atom is added to the carbon with the greater number of hydrogen atoms while the X component is added to the carbon with the fewer number of hydrogen atoms.

http://www.oocities.org/rjwarren_stm/OAC.html

http://www. masterorganicchemistry http://www.masterorganicchemistry.com/2014/01/21/synthesis-reactions-of-alkenes/

Alkynes Unsaturated hydrocarbons containing at least one carbon—carbon triple bond. The general chemical formula CnH2n−2. Alkynes are traditionally known as acetylenes, although the name acetylene. Involves replacing the -ane ending of alkane with -yne.

https://learning. uonbi. ac https://learning.uonbi.ac.ke/courses/SCH102/scormPackages/path_2/nomenclature_of_alkynes.html

http://www. masterorganicchemistry http://www.masterorganicchemistry.com/2014/01/29/synthesis-5-reactions-of-alkynes/

Cycloalkanes Have one or more rings of carbon atoms in the chemical structure of their molecules. Have only single chemical bonds in their chemical structure. General chemical formula CnH2(n+1−g) where g = number of rings in the molecule. Cycloalkanes with a single ring are named analogously to their normal alkane counterpart of the same carbon count. Also called naphthenes.

http://www. masterorganicchemistry http://www.masterorganicchemistry.com/2014/02/18/introduction-to-cycloalkanes-1/

http://knowledgebin.org/kb/entry/Alkadienes-7_254.html

Aromatic Hydrocarbon with sigma bonds and delocalized pi electrons between carbon atoms forming rings. The configuration of six carbon atoms in aromatic compounds is known as a benzene ring, after the simplest possible such hydrocarbon, benzene. Aromatic hydrocarbons can be monocyclic (MAH) or polycyclic (PAH). Also called arene.

http://image. slidesharecdn http://image.slidesharecdn.com/tang04-sidegroupisomersaromatichydrocarbons-121202140231-phpapp02/95/tang-04-side-group-isomers-aromatic-hydrocarbons-13-638.jpg?cb=1354456998 http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/BTX

http://chemwiki. ucdavis http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Textbook_Maps/Organic_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Smith)/Chapter_17%3A_Benzene_and_Aromatic_Compounds/17.08_Examples_of_Aromatic_Compounds

http://blog. askiitians http://blog.askiitians.com/nail-reactions-associated-benzene-fingertips/

Organic chemistry I