EXPLAINING THE FORENSIC USE OF DNA TO THE AVERAGE AMERICAN

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Presentation transcript:

EXPLAINING THE FORENSIC USE OF DNA TO THE AVERAGE AMERICAN Living Environment January 8, 2011 Dr. Gregory De Angelo Seton Catholic Central High School gdeangelo@syrdiocese.org

PPA PROCESS Q: What solution can be implemented that enable crime investigators to effectively use DNA “fingerprinting” into the judicial process? A: Forensic experts must educate judges and juries about how the properties of each person’s DNA is unique to them and them alone. PPA link (Wood Gavel And Sounding Block http://www.publicdomainpictures.net/stock)

DNA Fingerprinting I What is DNA? A. Molecule that carries genetic material B. It is the constituent of chromosomes and genes C. It is composed of nucleotides

DNA Fingerprinting II DNA as Hereditary Material A. All human beings have 46 chromosomes B. Chromosomes are composed of genes C. Genes are composed of DNA D. DNA is composed of nucleotides. DNA is the genetic material of the chromosome.

DNA Fingerprinting Chromosome “Non-sense” genes Genes

DNA Fingerprinting III Chemical Structure of Nucleotides: A. DNA is a polymer of nucleotides. B. Each nucleotide has three parts 1. A phosphate group (PO4) 2. A five carbon sugar - deoxyribose 3. A nitrogenous base C. All DNA molecules have a phosphate and a deoxyribose sugar. D. Nucleotides differ according to their nitrogenous bases. 1. Purines - Adenine and Guanine 2. Pyrimadines - Thymine and Cytosine (Uracyl replaces Thymine in RNA).

DNA Fingerprinting Q: What parts of the DNA are unique for individuals and easy to measure? A: It is impractical to every gene in our DNA to the genes of others. Instead what is measured are the “non-sense” genes (codes) that are between each gene. These are called restriction fragment length polymorphism or RFLP

DNA Fingerprinting III RFLP A. Series of triplet sequences that repeat numerous times. B. The length of these sequences differ from individual to individual and are used as a means of DNA typing. C. The length differences associated with DNA strands are called RFLP. D. Once these sequences are cut, they are sorted out using electrophoresis.

DNA Fingerprinting Types of RFLPs 1. Long tandem repeats (LTR) a. Regions of DNA that contain more than 7 repeating base pairs. b. Since they are long they are more subject to degradation 2. Short tandem repeats (STR) a. Regions of DNA containing 3 to 7 repeating base pairs b. Less likely to degrade c. There is a greater variety of STRs

DNA Fingerprinting 6. Short Tandem Repeats a. Definition: Regions of a DNA molecule that contain short segments consisting of three to seven repeating base pairs. b. Used as markers because they are found in great abundance. c. Since they are short, they are much less susceptible to degradation. d. Hundreds of different types of STR’s e. Multiplexing - Technique that simultaneously detects more than one DNA marker in a single analysis. f. Amelogenin gene - A genetic locus found useful for determining gender.