Connective Tissue Components 3 major components of connective tissue: 1. Ground substance 2. Extracellular fibers 3. Cells ____________________ __________ = Fibers + Ground substance Matrix surrounds and separates the cells, providing important structural and nutritional support to them.

Connective Tissue Components: Ground Substance Composed of glycoproteins called __________________ (GAGs) hyaluronic acid Helps to orient fiber formation in connective tissue. Is medium through which cells exchange nutrients and waste with the ______________________. Acts as ____________-__________________ cushion and helps to protect the delicate cells that it surrounds.

Fibers of Connective Tissue Collagenous: Most common fiber found in the body Strong, thick bands organized into bundles, composed of ____________ (structural protein). Resist ____________ forces, so they are found in tendons and ligaments that are continuously being pulled and stretched.

Fibers of Connective Tissue Reticular: Composed of collagen Thin, delicate, many ______________. Form support around highly ____________ organs endocrine glands, lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow, liver Elastic: Composed of protein _____________. Are branched and form networks Can stretch and are found in tissues that stretch: vocal cords, lungs, skin, blood vessel walls.

Major Cell Types of Connective Tissue Fixed Cells: Remain in the connective tissue _____________ & ______________ the matrix Fibroblasts: Secrete fibers and ground substance of the matrix Can reproduce and are metabolically active. Name is based on ________________. Chondroblast (cartilage), osteoblast (bone), etc. As the cells mature and the matrix is formed, cells become less active and suffix is changed to –_________. Chondrocyte, osteocyte, fibrocyte Can revert back to blast if more matrix is needed.

Major Cell Types of Connective Tissue Adipose cells/Adipocytes: Found throughout connective tissue Resemble fibroblasts early on, but become filled with lipid and swell. _____________ gets pushed to the side Adipocytes clustered together form ____________ tissue. prominent under the skin and in the abdomen

Major Cell Types of Connective Tissue Reticular Cells: Flat, star-shaped cells that form net-like connections with other cells Manufacture reticular fibers. Found in tissues of the immune system: lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow

Major Cell Types of Connective Tissue Wandering Cells: Move in and out of connective tissue as needed. Help ______________ and ______________ the matrix. Leukoctyes: Move into connective tissue during periods of infection/inflammation. Squeeze through the simple squamous epithelium of blood vessels (____________________) Engulf and digest invaders or produce antibodies against them

Major Cell Types of Connective Tissue Wandering cells continued.. Mast cells Carry ____________ & ______________ granules which initiate inflammatory response when released Usually found near blood vessels Macrophages: __________________ scavengers Engulf microbes, dead cells and debris that are digested by the macrophage’s lysosomes drawn to sites of infection where they engulf invaders

Types of Connective Tissue Connective Tissue Proper: Loose Connective Tissue- supports structures that it surrounds, highly cellular Areolar, Adipose, Reticular Dense Connective Tissue- reinforces and binds structures, highly fibrous, little vascularization, ground substance, or cells Dense regular, Dense irregular, Elastic Specialized Connective Tissue: Cartilage Hyaline, Elastic, Fibrocartilage Bone Compact, Cancellous Blood

Loose Connective Tissue: Areolar Most common type of connective tissue Surrounds every organ Acts to support and cushion Predominant cell is _____________________. Has “_________” spaces that contain fluid and viscous ground substance Filling of open spaces during trauma is called ____________.

Loose Connective Tissue: Adipose AKA ________ Found beneath skin, in bone marrow, in abdomen Energy storage, insulator, shock absorber Adipocytes predominate Cells ____________/_____________ based on amount of lipid being stored in them. May be classified as: White: Described above Brown: Found in ______________ and _____________________ animals Site of heat production, temperature regulation Loose Connective Tissue: Adipose

Loose Connective Tissue: Reticular Framework for spleen, liver, lymph nodes, bone marrow Called __________ Contains only one type of fiber: _____________ Many fibroblasts

Dense Connective Tissue: Regular Makes up tendons, ligaments, fascia Tightly packed,_______________ collagenous fibers Little vascularization, slow to heal Little ground substance Fibroblasts line the collagen bundles Resists strong pulling forces in ______ direction.

Dense Connective Tissue: Irregular Found in dermis, organ capsules Forms tough capsule of joints. Collagenous fibers in thicker bundles than those in dense regular connective tissue. Sheets of collagen in _____________ directions. Single sheet that can withstand pulling forces from multiple different directions.

Dense Connective Tissue: Elastic Found in areas of the body that require _____________: Stomach, artery walls, bladder Beneath transitional epithelium in urinary tract High concentration of elastic fibers (more than collagen) that are extremely flexible. Dense Connective Tissue: Elastic

Specialized Connective Tissue: Cartilage More rigid than dense connective tissue, more flexible than bone. Prevents bones from rubbing against each other. Does not contain nerves or blood vessels. Receives nutrition from ________________. Chondrocytes live in pockets called _______________. 3 types of cartilage: Hyaline cartilage, Elastic Cartilage, Fibrocartilage

Specialized Connective Tissue: Cartilage Hyaline Cartilage Most common type of cartilage found in body. Found as _____________ cartilage at end of long bones and joints. Most rigid type of cartilage. Closely packed collagenous fibers that make it tough but more flexible than bone.

Specialized Connective Tissue: Cartilage Elastic Cartilage Similar to hyaline cartilage but contains __________ fibers Give it flexibility, ability to bend Found in pinnae, epiglottis Fibrocartilage Found between vertebrae, in pelvis, and in knee joint Able to handle compression, absorbs __________ Thick bundles of collagen, but few chondrocytes

Specialized Connective Tissue: Bone Hardest and most rigid type of connective tissue Cells- Osteoclasts and Osteoblasts Matrix – collagenous fibers and calcium salts ______________- chambers where osteocytes reside _________________- tiny channels through matrix that allows osteocytes to communicate Blood Supply- _______________ canals

Specialized Connective Tissue: Blood Most atypical type of connective tissue. Carries nutrients and gases through the body Cells: Erythrocytes (_______ blood cells) Leukocytes (__________ blood cells) Thrombocytes (____________) Matrix: Fluid (___________); fibers are only visible in a ___________ and are known as fibrin.

Membranes Epithelial sheet bound to underlying layer of connective tissue proper*. Epithelium is bathed in liquid Types: Mucous Serous Cutaneous Synovial*

Mucous Membranes (mucosa) Always found lining organs that have connection to ________________ environment. Digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts Epithelium covers the lamina propria (loose areolar connective tissue) Produces ________________ (exception: urinary tract) lubrication, defense, reduce friction Play role in monitoring and controlling what enters into body.

Serous Membranes (serosa) Line walls and cover organs that fill chest and abdomen. Continuous membrane sheet that is doubled over to form a _____________ and ______________ layer. simple squamous epithelium + loose connective tissue ___________ is found between the two serosal layers to reduce friction. Large amount of fluid is called _____________. Effusion in abdomen is termed ascites.

Cutaneous Membrane (integument/skin) Perpetually exposed to environment. Composed of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium called ________________. Epidermis is attached to underlying dense irregular connective tissue called _______________.

Synovial Membranes Line the cavities of ____________. Contain no _________________. composed exclusively of loose adipose connective tissue covered by collagenous fibers and fibroblasts Manufacture synovial fluid that fills the joint spaces and reduces friction and abrasion at the ends of bones.