TOPIC 1.2 – CELL ULTRASTRUCTURES

1.2 – A - Prokaryotes

IB BIO – 1.2 Cells can be divided into categories based on their structures and complexity. The categories discussed in this topic are: Prokaryotes Eukaryotes 4 INTRO http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-SQ-NHcshRWg/VDgBuINdfnI/AAAAAAAAAJM/syK3PD8d66o/s1600/pro%2Band%2Beuk%2Bcells.png

IB BIO – 1.2 Prokaryotes are cells whose genetic material is not contained within a nucleus and who have a simple structure. They were the first life forms and do not have compartmentalized organelles. 5 Understandings U1: Prokaryotes have a simple cell structure without compartmentalization. Key Terms https://img.washingtonpost.com/rf/image_1484w/2010-2019/WashingtonPost/2011/06/10/Foreign/

IB BIO – 1.2 Unlike eukaryotes, prokaryotes divide through a process called binary fission. It is a type of asexual reproduction where the cell duplicates its genetic material before splitting its DNA and cytoplasm in half. The daughter cells are identical. 6 Understandings U1: Prokaryotes have a simple cell structure without compartmentalization. Applications A2: Prokaryotes divide by binary fission. Key Terms Binary Fission https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Binary_fission.svg/1000px-Binary_fission.svg.png

Prokaryotic Structures IB BIO – 1.2 Prokaryotic Structures 7 Understandings U1: Prokaryotes have a simple cell structure without compartmentalization. Applications A2: Prokaryotes divide by binary fission. Cell membrane - surrounds the cell and controls what travels in and out. It separates the cell from the environment. Cytoplasm - the liquid contents within the cell membrane. It is the site of metabolic reactions. Cell wall - located outside of the membrane. It provides structural support to the cells. Key Terms Cell Membrane Cytoplasm Cell Wall https://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/procaryotes/images/procaryote.jpg

Prokaryotic Structures IB BIO – 1.2 Prokaryotic Structures 8 Understandings U1: Prokaryotes have a simple cell structure without compartmentalization. Applications A2: Prokaryotes divide by binary fission. Ribosomes – site of protein synthesis Nucleoid – region containing the naked DNA. This means it is not associated with any proteins. Key Terms Ribosomes Nucleoid http://media1.shmoop.com/images/biology/biobook_cells_12.png

Prokaryotic Structures IB BIO – 1.2 Prokaryotic Structures 9 Understandings U1: Prokaryotes have a simple cell structure without compartmentalization. Applications A2: Prokaryotes divide by binary fission. Cilia – hair-like structures that assist in mobility as well as moving extracellular materials Flagella – long whip-like structures that is used as a ‘motor’ for movement Key Terms Cilia Flagella http://www.microbiologyinfo.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/Differences-Between-Cilia-and-Flagella.jpg

IB BIO – 1.2 Because prokaryotic cells are so small, light microscopes cannot be used to observe them. Electron microscopes use electron beams to visualize small samples and so have a much higher resolution. They can produce images like those to the left, which can be used to study prokaryotic structures 10 Understandings U3: Electron microscopes have a much higher resolution than light microscopes. Key Terms Electron Microscope http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/v44/n2/images/ng.1056-F5.jpg

1.2 – B – Eukaryotes

IB BIO – 1.2 Prokaryotes are simple organisms and were the original life forms on Earth. Over time, they eukaryotes evolved from them. 12 INTRO https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/Simplified_tree.png https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/Simplified_tree.png

IB BIO – 1.2 Eukaryotes are organisms that are complex and that have compartmentalized structures called organelles. Most notably, their DNA is contained within a nucleus. Eukaryotic organelles include… 13 Understandings U2: Eukaryotes have a compartmentalized cell structure. Key Terms Eukaryotes https://www.thinglink.com/scene/492442507804672000

IB BIO – 1.2 14 The nucleus contains the cells genetic information in the form of chromosomes. It is surrounded by a double membrane and is the site of DNA replication and transcription. Applications A1: Structure and function of organelles within exocrine gland cells of the pancreas and within palisade mesophyll cells of the leaf. The cell membrane is a phospholipid bilayer that surrounds the cell. It controls what diffuses in/out and contains embeddd proteins that serve many functions. Key Terms Nucleus Cell Membrane https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/06/Blausen_0212_CellNucleus.png

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum IB BIO – 1.2 Ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis. The rough endoplasmic reticulum has ribosomes on its outer surface. Its role is to package proteins for secretion. It sends them in vesicles to the Golgi apparatus. 15 Applications A1: Structure and function of organelles within exocrine gland cells of the pancreas and within palisade mesophyll cells of the leaf. Key Terms Ribosomes Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/projects/pmh/PMH_Authoring/media/Images/originals/NHGRI-85236.jpg

IB BIO – 1.2 Vesicles are small sacs made of membrane that are used to transport materials within the cell. The Golgi apparatus processes proteins that are received from the rough ER. Then it sends them in vesicles to the cell membrane. 16 Applications A1: Structure and function of organelles within exocrine gland cells of the pancreas and within palisade mesophyll cells of the leaf. Key Terms Vesicles Golgi Apparatus https://media1.britannica.com/eb-media/52/116252-120-E654E669.jpg

IB BIO – 1.2 Together, the rough ER, Golgi apparatus and vesicles play a key role in moving materials in/out of the cell through the cell membrane. 17 Applications A1: Structure and function of organelles within exocrine gland cells of the pancreas and within palisade mesophyll cells of the leaf. Key Terms http://www.mun.ca/biology/desmid/brian/BIOL2060/BIOL2060-12/12_08.jpg

IB BIO – 1.2 The mitochondrion is responsible for producing energy in the form of ATP. It does so through cell respiration. Often called the ‘power house’ of the cell. 18 Applications A1: Structure and function of organelles within exocrine gland cells of the pancreas and within palisade mesophyll cells of the leaf. The chloroplast is responsible for photosynthesis, which converts light energy into chemical energy. It is only found in autotrophic organisms, which includes plant cells. Key Terms Mitochondrion Chloroplast http://www.astavitatest.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/micro1.jpg

IB BIO – 1.2 Microtubules are fibers that play an important role in moving chromsomes during cell division. 19 Applications A1: Structure and function of organelles within exocrine gland cells of the pancreas and within palisade mesophyll cells of the leaf. Key Terms Microtubules Centrioles In animal cells, microtubules are anchored at structurs called centrioles. https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Centriole-en.svg/

IB BIO – 1.2 Vacuoles are similar to vesicles in they are made of phospholipid bilayers. Their role is to store water and can be quite large in plants, which provides structural support. 20 Applications A1: Structure and function of organelles within exocrine gland cells of the pancreas and within palisade mesophyll cells of the leaf. Key Terms Vacuole http://elte.prompt.hu/sites/default/files/tananyagok/StructureOfPlantsAndFungi/images/m6deddcd1.jpg

IB BIO – 1.2 The cell wall is a rigid structure that is found outside the cell membrane in plant cells. Just like in prokaryotes, it provides structural support. In plants, large vacuoles push against the cell wall which creates internal pressure. This allows plants to stand upright. 21 Applications A1: Structure and function of organelles within exocrine gland cells of the pancreas and within palisade mesophyll cells of the leaf. Key Terms Cell Wall https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7c/Eukaryota_cell_strucutre.PNG

IB BIO – 1.2 The primary differences between animal and plant cells are: Plant cells contain chlorosplasts Plant cells have large vacuoles Plant cells have cell walls 22 Applications A1: Structure and function of organelles within exocrine gland cells of the pancreas and within palisade mesophyll cells of the leaf. Key Terms https://i.ytimg.com/vi/-zafJKbMPA8/maxresdefault.jpg

Identify the name and function of the following organelles IB BIO – 1.2 Identify the name and function of the following organelles 23 REVIEW 2 3 5 6 9 10 11 13 14 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Animal_Cell.svg/2000px-Animal_Cell.svg.png

Identify the organelles in the plant cell below IB BIO – 1.2 Identify the organelles in the plant cell below 24 REVIEW Mitochondria Vacuole Cell wall Cell membrane Chloroplast Nucleus Rough ER Ribosomes http://pulpbits.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Unlabeled-Plant-Cell-pic-1-1024x1024.jpg

1.2 – C – Micrographs & Drawings

IB BIO – 1.2 Electron micrographs are images obtained using an electron microscope. These can be used to observe internal structures. 26 Skills S3: Interpret electron micrographs to identify organelles and deduce the function of specialized cells. Key Terms http://www4.uwsp.edu/biology/courses/botlab/images/Lab03Cells/03C-b%20-%20full.jpg

Eukaryote structures micrograph IB BIO – 1.2 Eukaryote structures micrograph 27 Skills S3: Interpret electron micrographs to identify organelles and deduce the function of specialized cells. Identify the following structures in the micrograph ? Structures: Mitochondria Lysosome Key Terms

Epithelium Cell Micrograph IB BIO – 1.2 Epithelium Cell Micrograph 28 Skills S3: Interpret electron micrographs to identify organelles and deduce the function of specialized cells. Identify the following structures in the micrograph Structures: rER Nucleus Mitochondria Lysosome Golgi Apparatus Free Ribosomes Key Terms

Eukaryotes structures micrograph IB BIO – 1.2 Eukaryotes structures micrograph 29 Skills S3: Interpret electron micrographs to identify organelles and deduce the function of specialized cells. Identify the following structures in the micrograph Structures ER Nucleus Nuclear membrane Key Terms

Eukaryote structures micrograph IB BIO – 1.2 Eukaryote structures micrograph 30 Skills S3: Interpret electron micrographs to identify organelles and deduce the function of specialized cells. Identify the following structures in the micrograph Structures: Vacuole Chloroplast Cell Wall Key Terms

E. coli structures micrograph IB BIO – 1.2 E. coli structures micrograph 31 Understandings U1: Prokaryotes have a simple cell structure without compartmentalization. Identify the following structures in the micrograph Structures: Flagella Cilia Cell Wall Key Terms

E. coli structures micrograph IB BIO – 1.2 E. coli structures micrograph 32 Understandings U1: Prokaryotes have a simple cell structure without compartmentalization. Identify the following structures in the micrograph Structures: Nucleoid Cytoplasm Cell Wall Key Terms

E. coli structures micrograph IB BIO – 1.2 E. coli structures micrograph 33 Understandings U1: Prokaryotes have a simple cell structure without compartmentalization. Identify the following structures in the micrograph Structures: Cytoplasm Plasma membrane Cell Wall Nucleoid Key Terms

IB BIO – 1.2 Animal Cell Diagram 34 Skills S2: Drawing of the ultrastructure of eukaryotic cells based on electron micrographs. Guidance G2: Drawings of should show a membrane enclosing cytoplasm that contains ribosomes and membrane-bound organelles Rough ER Cell Membrane Nucleus Ribosomes Golgi Apparatus Mitochondrion

IB BIO – 1.2 Plant Cell Diagram 35 Skills S2: Drawing of the ultrastructure of eukaryotic cells based on electron micrographs. Guidance G2: Drawings of should show a membrane enclosing cytoplasm that contains ribosomes and membrane-bound organelles Rough ER Cell Membrane Nucleus Ribosomes Golgi Apparatus Mitochondrion Cell Wall Vacuole Chloroplast http://garden.org/onlinecourse/Diagrams/c2/c2-1cell.gif

IB BIO – 1.2 Prokaryote Diagram 36 Skills S1: Drawing of the structure of prokaryotic cells based on micrographs. Guidance G1: Drawings of prokaryotic cells should show the cell wall, pili and flagella, and membrane enclosing cytoplasm that contains ribosomes and a nucleoid with naked DNA. Cell Wall Plasma Membrane Cilia Flagella 70S Ribosomes Nucleoid http://image.wikifoundry.com/image/3/ySTgfE8BZEXCnVWQ0mdFaw253611/GW558H457

REVIEW IB BIO – 1.2 Compare prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Compare the structure of plant and animal cells. Outline the functions of the following organelles: - Nucleus - Cell Membrane - Mitochondria - Chloroplast - Cell Wall - Vacuole - Flagella - Cilia - Vesicle - Rough ER - Golgi Apparatus - Nucleoid Draw and annotate diagrams of: - Prokaryotic Cell - Animal Cell - Plant Cell 37 REVIEW