Ibn Khaldun Methodology and History Writing Dr. Ekin Tuşalp Atiyas Nov. 22, 2017

Ibn Khaldun (1332-1406) Abu Zayd ‘Abd al-Rahman ibn Muhammad ibn Khaldun al-Hadhrami

Ibn Khaldun’s View of History All political dynasties are doomed for destruction in at most five centuries The object of history is to know about social organization. History as science - fann (ar.), fen (tr.) The role of environment in shaping societies. “Asabiyya” A philosophical account of history in the Muqaddima (Prolegomena) Kitab al-Ibar (The Book of Examples/Histories)

Ibn Khaldun’s Cyclical View of History Move to the City and establish Mülk/king-doms Degenera-tion Collapse Asabiyya of the Bedouins Expansion and Invasion

“Islamicate” coined by Marshall Hodgson, The Venture of Islam, 1975.

Muhammad’s Missions and Campaigns until 632

A 19th-century drawing of Medina with the Mosque of the Prophet in the center.

Muslim Expansion in the Time of Muhammad and the Rashidun Caliphs (621-661)

The Umayyad Empire (661-750)

The Abbasid Caliphate (750-950) Under the Abbasid caliphate (750-1258) which succeeded the Umayyads in 750 the focal point of Islamic political and cultural life shifted eastward from Syria to Irag. The New Image of the Ruler: The influence of Persian traditions and court ceremonials.
The gradual seclusion of the ruler behind walls and courts. The Foundation of Madinat al-Salam (City of Peace, later Baghdad), 762-67: The new, ordered capital of the Empire, with all the appropriate symbolism of a round city with axial division. Samarra: The new capital city established on the Tigris, 60 miles north of Baghdad, by caliph al-Mu‘tasim in 836 to house his personal army of Turkish slave-warriors (mamluks).  It developed into a conglomeration of secluded caliphal palaces and houses for the troops on a grandiose scale.  The city remained capital of the Abbasid Empire until 883. In the tenth century, Abbasid political unity weakened and independent or semi-autonomous local dynasties were established in Egypt, Iran and other parts of the realm.

The Barada Sequence (detail from the Port of the Umayyad Mosque of Damascus) Mosaics of the Great Mosque: Representations of ideal-types residences. The Barada Sequence: villas, excedrae (or porticoes), tholoi, bridges over rivers.

The Umayyad Mosque in Damascus (ca. 706-15) The Great Umayyad Mosque in Damascus (ca. 706-15): Built on order of the caliph al-Walid I (705-15), the son of 'Abd al-Malik.

The Palace of Anjar (Lebanon, 8th c) In Lebanon built in 8th century

A Fresco detail from the Qusayr al-Amra Palace (Jordan, 8th c) Qusayr Amra Jordan 8th century Confluence of Byzantine and Sasanian construction details and decorative techniques Figural representations of rulers, courtiers and court scenes (music, dance, drinking, hunting): The survival of pre-Islamic images of the ruler.

Islamic World ca. 1000

Post-Abbasid Political Geography

The Mongol Empire

Muslim Dynasties in Spain The Al-Andalus province of the Umayyad Caliphate in Damascus (711–756) The Independent Umayyad Emirate of Cordoba (756–929) The Umayyad Caliphate of Córdoba (929–1031) The first Taifas (1031–c. 1091) The Almoravid rule (c. 1091–c. 1145) The second Taifas (c. 1145–c. 1151) The Almohad rule (c. 1151–1212) The Nasrid Emirate of Granada (1212–1492)

Berber Dynasties of North Africa, 13th-14th centuries

Philosophy in the Islamicate World falsafa, the Arabic loan word for φιλοσοφία Hikma (wisdom)

Graeco-Arabic Translation Movement The translations of the “circle of al-Kindi”: Aristotle, the Neoplatonic tradition and the rise of falsafa. During the reign of the Abbasid Caliph al-Ma’mun (r. 813-833)-The translations of Hunayn ibn Ishaq (d. 873), his son Ishaq (d. 911), and their associates. Revisions and school editions of older version by the Baghdad Peripatetics. (10th c)

Bayt al-Hikma (from the Maqamat al-Hariri)

Age of polymaths (‘Renaissance man’) Al-Razi (Rasis) Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen) Ibn Sina (Avicenna) Al-Biruni (Alberonius) Ibn Zuhr (Avenzoar) Ibn Rushd (Averroes) Ibn Tufail (Abubacer) Ibn Bajjah (Avempace).... Translations into Latin (11th c. onwards)

Interregional cultural flows   http://www.thekeytoislam.com/en/islamic-civilization-modern-science.aspx

The Movement of Byzantine scholars to Italy

Bessarion, by Bellini, 1464

Euclid, Elementa Byzantine manuscript, 888 AD

Herodotus, Latin translation by Lorenzo Valla, Venice, 1494

Neo-Platonism in Islamic Political Philosophy Al-Farabi (870–950 CE) -The Principles of the Opinions of the People of the Excellent City Al-Madina Al-Fadıla Ibn Rushd (1126–1198 CE) (Averroes) -wrote commentaries on Plato’s Republic and Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics.

Atıf Efendi ms 1936