The Plant Kingdom Chapter 6

Plant Kingdom Domain Eukarya

Nutrition Plants have chlorophyll and make their own glucose Photosynthesis: converts sun energy into chemical energy Autotrophs The glucose is stored as starch

Movement Tropism: movement in response to the environment 3 main types

phototropism growth or movement towards light Sunflower

Geotropism The growth of parts of a plant towards or away from the source of gravity Roots grow downward-toward gravity Stems grow upward- away from gravity

thigmotropism The growth of parts of a plant in response to touch

Growth Primary Growth: the increase in the length or height of plants by cell division This happens when plants grow up towards the sun and when the roots grow down into the soil

Growth (cont) Lateral Growth: the increasing thickness of some stems

Roots, stems, & leaves Plants have special organs to deliver water and carbon dioxide Maximize the exposure to sunlight 3 organs that are common to all plants: roots, stems, & leaves

roots The organs that anchor plants in the soil and absorb water and minerals

Root system Primary roots Secondary roots the structure that grows straight downward Called taproot Secondary roots Additional roots that grow sideways, out from the taproot Called lateral roots

Fibrous roots A type of root system in which a fibrous network of roots replaces the original taproot

Parts of a root Zone of maturation: Zone of elongation Meristem Vascular tissue & root hairs Zone of elongation Root cells grow down Meristem Root cap Protects root

Inside the root Epidermis: outermost tissue of a root which protects the root and prevents water loss Cortex: outermost layer of a stem/root Vascular tissue: at the center of a root/ stem and transports water & nutrients

2 types of vascular tissue Xylem: carries water & minerals to the plant from the root Phloem: carries sugars to the root from the plant

Stems The organ through which the water and minerals are transported to other parts of a plant

tubers Specialized stems that grow underground Store food in the form of starch

leaves The organs of photosynthesis They also play a role in excretion Types of leaves Simple leaves: single blades Compound leaves: made of leaflets

Leaf anatomy Cuticle: the waxy layer on a leaf that protects the leaf from outside injury and excessive water loss

Leaf anatomy (cont) Palisade mesophyll cells: long, narrow cells that have the highest content of chlorophyll They are responsible for most of the photosynthesis

Leaf anatomy (cont) Spongy mesophyll cells: cells packed loosely and separated by large air spaces. The air spaces allow the diffusion of carbon dioxide into the cells and oxygen out of the cells

Stoma- tiny openings, or pores, on the lower epidermis, bottom of the leaf Guard cell: cells that open and close the stoma; allows movement of air

2 main types of plants Vascular plants: plants that have vascular tissues which conduct water and nutrients throughout the plant Non vascular plants: plants which do not have vessels to carry fluid

Non-Vascular plants The leaves and stems absorb water and minerals directly from the surroundings, including the air Examples:

Non-Vascular plants (cont) Rhizoids: structures that anchor non-vascular plants to the ground, but do not absorb water or other nutrients Thallus: the flat sheet-like structure of some non vascular plants

Peat moss A non-vascular plant that can hold water, 20 times its own weight

Plants Non-Vascular Vascular Seed-Bearing Spore-Bearing

2 types of Vascular plants Spore-bearing Seed-bearing

Spore-Bearing plants reproduce by spores Examples: ferns, horsetails, club mosses

Structure of a fern Fronds: leaves of a fern Rhizome: underground stem One frond includes many blades and the stalk Rhizome: underground stem Fiddlehead: young, developing fronds

Plants Non-Vascular Vascular Spore-Bearing Seed-Bearing Gymnosperms Angiosperms

Gymnosperms Vascular plant that produces plain seeds Examples: Ginkgo trees, conifers

Angiosperms Vascular, flowering plants which produce seeds protected by a cover (fruit) Flower: produces the seed and fruit

Flower Stamen: Pistil: Petals: color attracts pollinators Anther: pollen is formed Filament: stalk Pistil: Stigma Style Ovary Petals: color attracts pollinators Sepals: protect the flower

Fruit Fruit is a means of protection and dispersal for the seeds

Plants Non-Vascular Vascular Spore-Bearing Seed-Bearing Gymnosperms Angiosperms Monocots Dicots

Monocots One cotyledon (seed leaf)

Dicot Two cotyledons (seed leaves)