V. Atella, A. Brady, A. L. Catapano, J. Critchley, I. M. Graham, F. D

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Bridging science and health policy in cardiovascular disease: focus on lipid management V. Atella, A. Brady, A.L. Catapano, J. Critchley, I.M. Graham, F.D.R. Hobbs, J. Leal, P. Lindgren, D. Vanuzzo, M. Volpe, D. Wood, R. Paoletti Atherosclerosis Supplements Volume 10, Issue 1, Pages 3-21 (June 2009) DOI: 10.1016/S1567-5688(09)70003-0 Copyright © 2009 Elsevier Ireland Ltd Terms and Conditions

Fig. 1 Global and European burden of disease for the year 2004, according to WHO statistics [6]. Atherosclerosis Supplements 2009 10, 3-21DOI: (10.1016/S1567-5688(09)70003-0) Copyright © 2009 Elsevier Ireland Ltd Terms and Conditions

Fig. 2 Total health care costs in the EU. Atherosclerosis Supplements 2009 10, 3-21DOI: (10.1016/S1567-5688(09)70003-0) Copyright © 2009 Elsevier Ireland Ltd Terms and Conditions

Fig. 3 Incidence of IHD, age adjusted with 95% confidence intervals, according to quintiles of serum cholesterol level. Reproduced with permission from BMJ Publishing Group Limited [22]. Atherosclerosis Supplements 2009 10, 3-21DOI: (10.1016/S1567-5688(09)70003-0) Copyright © 2009 Elsevier Ireland Ltd Terms and Conditions

Fig. 4 Log-linear relationship between LDL-C levels and relative risk for CHD. Epidemiological and trials evidence suggests that for every 30 mg/dL (0.77 mmol/L) change in LDL-C the CHD RR is changed by 30%. The relative risk is set at 1.0 for an LDL-C of 40 mg/dL (1.03 mmol/L). Reproduced with permission © 2004, American Heart Association, Inc. [27]. Atherosclerosis Supplements 2009 10, 3-21DOI: (10.1016/S1567-5688(09)70003-0) Copyright © 2009 Elsevier Ireland Ltd Terms and Conditions

Fig. 5 Use of the IMPACT mortality model to explain the fall in coronary heart disease deaths in England & Wales 1981–2000. Reproduced with permission from Lippincott Williams & Wilkins © [32]. Atherosclerosis Supplements 2009 10, 3-21DOI: (10.1016/S1567-5688(09)70003-0) Copyright © 2009 Elsevier Ireland Ltd Terms and Conditions

Fig. 6 Results from the British Regional Heart Study comparing the impact of modest population-wide and high-risk strategies on CHD risk. Data extracted from Emberson et al. [34]. Atherosclerosis Supplements 2009 10, 3-21DOI: (10.1016/S1567-5688(09)70003-0) Copyright © 2009 Elsevier Ireland Ltd Terms and Conditions

Fig. 7 Cost effectiveness of statins according to analysis of major trials. Atherosclerosis Supplements 2009 10, 3-21DOI: (10.1016/S1567-5688(09)70003-0) Copyright © 2009 Elsevier Ireland Ltd Terms and Conditions

Fig. 8 Cost savings in major trials using generic prices. Atherosclerosis Supplements 2009 10, 3-21DOI: (10.1016/S1567-5688(09)70003-0) Copyright © 2009 Elsevier Ireland Ltd Terms and Conditions

Fig. 9 Projected number of patients at risk of hospitalisation for CVD due to high levels of cholesterol. This number is forecasted to increase by more than 50% over the next 30 years. Calculation based on RGS and Ministry of Health data. Atherosclerosis Supplements 2009 10, 3-21DOI: (10.1016/S1567-5688(09)70003-0) Copyright © 2009 Elsevier Ireland Ltd Terms and Conditions

Fig. 10 Potential gain in terms of hospitalisation reduction under the assumption of a fully compliant population at risk. Atherosclerosis Supplements 2009 10, 3-21DOI: (10.1016/S1567-5688(09)70003-0) Copyright © 2009 Elsevier Ireland Ltd Terms and Conditions

Fig. 11 Lack of public awareness of cholesterol as a CHD risk factor [41]. Atherosclerosis Supplements 2009 10, 3-21DOI: (10.1016/S1567-5688(09)70003-0) Copyright © 2009 Elsevier Ireland Ltd Terms and Conditions

Fig. 12 Risk score software provides users with tools to assess the likelihood that a person will experience a major CVD event (MI, stroke) over 10 years when values for certain risk factors are known. Atherosclerosis Supplements 2009 10, 3-21DOI: (10.1016/S1567-5688(09)70003-0) Copyright © 2009 Elsevier Ireland Ltd Terms and Conditions

Fig. 13 CVD events and incidence by 10-year risk classes in men ages 35 to 69 in Italy. Reproduced with permission [55]. Atherosclerosis Supplements 2009 10, 3-21DOI: (10.1016/S1567-5688(09)70003-0) Copyright © 2009 Elsevier Ireland Ltd Terms and Conditions