Revolution and Enlightenment

Ch.10 Sec.1 The Scientific Revolution- new way of thinking about the natural world based on careful observation. Reasons for the Revolution: Inventions Renaissance Reformation Exploration (printing press)

Astronomy Ptolemy- astronomer who came up with the geocentric theory. Geocentric theory- theory that placed the Earth at the center of the universe. Nicholas Copernicus- author of On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres; father of the heliocentric theory. Heliocentric theory- theory that placed the sun as the center of the universe.

Cont. Galileo- author of the Starry Messenger which gave support to heliocentric theory. One of the first Europeans to make regular observations of the heavens using a telescope. Inquisition- Galileo was summoned before this and forced to recant his findings.

Mathematics Isaac Newton- author of Principia which contains Newton’s three laws of motion that govern planets. Universal law of gravitation- every object in the universe is attracted to every other object by gravity. World was seen now as a uniform machine that worked according to natural laws.

Medicine Andreas Vesalius- author of On the Fabric of the Human Body ; detailed drawing of human organs. muscle, and bones. Robert Boyle- one of the first scientists to conduct controlled experiments: given credit for Boyle’s Law.

Ch.9 Sec.1 cont Rene Descartes- called the father of rationalism: Author of Discourse on Method. Francis Bacon- developed the scientific method based on inductive reasoning to learn about nature. Scientific method- systematic procedure for collecting and analyzing data.

Ch.10 Sec. 2 Enlightenment- 18th century philosophical movement largely based on REASON. Also known as “The Age of Reason” Thomas Hobbes- author of Leviathan who believed people gave up their rights for law and order. John Locke- believed people are born with natural rights and it’s the governments job to protect them.

Cont. Philosophe- meaning “philosopher” Most leaders of the Enlightenment were French Montesquieu- author of The Spirit of Laws and proposed a separation of powers. Voltaire- considered the greatest figure of the Enlightenment: Huge supporter of deism Deism- religious philosophy based on reason and natural law.

Ch.10 Sec.2 cont Denis Diderot- famous for putting together the Encyclopedia which consisted of 28 volumes. Adam Smith-viewed as one of the founders of the modern social science of economics Laissez-faire- government should not interrupt the free market system. Rousseau- philosopher who believed that civilization had corrupted mankind.

Ch.10 sec.2 cont Rights of Women Mary Wollstonecraft- considered to be the founder of modern European and American women’s rights. Author of Vindication of the Rights of Women which used reason to support women’s rights Salons- elegant rooms of the wealthy where philosophers would meet and have discussions.

John Wesley- founder of Methodism which sought to encourage behaviors that led to spiritual contentment.

Ch.10 Sec.3 Music Sebastian Bach- musician who composed Mass in B Minor: Considered to be one the greatest composers George Handel- known for his religious music and composed Messiah. Mozart- composed the Magic Flute: Only 5 when he starts composing music.

Enlightened despots- monarchs who embraced the news ideas of the Enlightenment. Frederick the Great- (King of Prussia)-prime example of despots who believed in natural rights for his people.

Enlightenment Gov’t Ideas Old Idea New Idea The state and its citizens exist to serve the monarch The monarch exists to serve the state and supports citizens’ welfare

Ch.10 Sec.3 cont. The Seven Year’s War- (French and Indian War)- considered to be the first global conflict involving the superpowers. British and French fought over waterways and the Ohio River Valley in America. Treaty of Paris- ends the Seven Year’s War and forces the French and Spanish to give up land to the British.