Agenda 11.13.17 Turn in Webquest if you didn’t turn it in yesterday MAKE SURE YOUR NAME IS ON IT! Notes 7.2 Urbanization Essential Question: What is urbanization and what were its effects on American cities? Jacob Riis Photo Activity

Urbanization Chapter 7, Section 2

Why did cities grow? Located near raw materials Industrial areas Hub of transportation routes Opportunities for jobs 1860 – no cities with population over 1 million 1890 – New York City, Chicago, Philadelphia had populations over 1 million

Opportunities + attraction Machine-made jobs High wages Low cost housing People were attracted to cities because of: Telephone Bright lights Electricity Central heating Public water systems Indoor plumbing Sewage disposal Asphalt pavements Transportation

urbanization Rapid urbanization occurred in the late 19th century in the Northeast + the Midwest Urbanization: growth of cities Most immigrants settled in cities because of available jobs + affordable housing Americanization – assimilate people into mainstream culture Schools, voluntary groups teach citizenship skills: English, American History, cooking, etiquette Ethnic communities provide social support

Migration from city to country Rapid improvements in farm technology (tractors, reapers, steel plows) made farming more efficient in the late 19th century It also meant less labor was needed to do the job Many rural people left for cities to find work, including almost ¼ million African Americans

Migration patterns African Americans lose their livelihood 1890-1910: move to cities in the North + West to escape racial violence Find segregation + discrimination in North as well Competition for jobs between blacks + white immigrants causes tension African Americans migrate to northern cities

Problems with Urbanization Population in 1870 – 10 million Population in 1920 – 54 million How can cities keep up infrastructure at the rate the population is growing? What problems will this bring?

Urban Problems Housing Working-class families live in houses on outskirts of town or boardinghouses Later, row houses are built for single family homes Immigrants take over row houses, 2-3 families per house Tenements – multifamily urban dwellings Overcrowded, unsanitary

Urban Problems Transportation Mass transit – move large numbers of people along fixed routes By the 20th Century, transit systems link cities to suburbs Water 1860s – cities have inadequate or no piped water, indoor plumbing was rare Filtration is introduced in 1870s; chlorination in 1908

Urban Problems Sanitation Streets – manure, open gutters, factory smoke, poor trash collection Contractors hired to sweep streets, collect garbage, clean outhouses Often do not do jobs properly By 1900, cities develop sewer lines, create sanitation departments

Urban Problems Crime As population grows, thieves flourish Early police forces are too small to be effective Fire Fire hazards – limited water, wood houses, candles, kerosene heaters Most firefighters are volunteers, not always available 1900 – most cities have full-time, professional departments Fire sprinklers, non-flammable building materials make cities safer

Rise of charity Many people begin to attempt to fix problems that came with urbanization Settlement House Movement Social welfare reformers trying to relieve urban poverty Social Gospel Movement – preached salvation through service to the poor Settlement Houses – community centers in slums, help immigrants

Settlement houses Community centers in slums, created to help immigrants Run by college-educated women who: Provide educational, cultural, social services Send visiting nurses to the sick Help with personal and financial problems, and finding jobs Jane Addams founds Hull House with Ellen Gates Starr in 1889

Your task You will look at several images captured by Riis and answer the corresponding questions, taking note of which effect(s) of urbanization is being portrayed in the image: First Impressions: What is happening in the image? Describe the objects, people, and/or structures in the image. Which of these details most catches your eye and why? Looking More Closely: Why did Riis choose this particular set up (pose, angle, view, arrangement, lighting, location, etc.)? How might you explain the feelings of the subject of the image? Why do you think Riis took this picture? Connection to Urbanization: What “problems” are being presented in the photo that the people of the Progressive Era will need to solve? How do you know?

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Missing Work as of 11/14/17 Immigration Web Quest Alem Chuy Jeancarlo Alejandro M. Sang