English Business 2 Lecture 2 Dea Adlina

Using Some, Any, Much, Many, A lot of, every, and A few Expressions of Quantity Using Some, Any, Much, Many, A lot of, every, and A few

COUNT or NONCOUNT ?? Common NONCOUNT nouns Whole groups made up of similar items: baggage, money/cash/change, jewelry, food, fruit Fluids: Water, coffee, tea, oil Solids: Ice, meat, gold, iron, paper Gases: Steam, air, oxygen, smoke, pollution Particles: Rice, corn, dust, hair, salt

COUNT or NONCOUNT ?? Common NONCOUNT nouns Abstractions: Beauty, confidence, time, work, grammar, peace, help, honesty Languages: Arabic, English, Japanese Field of study: Chemistry, literature, engineering Recreation: Baseball, tennis, chess, poker General activity: Driving, studying, walking (and other gerunds) Natural phenomena: Weather, heat, humidity, lightning, rain

Expressions of Quantity Used with count nouns Used with noncount nouns One Each Every One apple Each apple Every apple Ø Two Both A couple of Three, etc. A few Several Many A number of Two apples Both apples A couple of apples Three apples A few apples Several apples Many apples A number of apples A little Much A great deal of A little rice Much rice A great deal of rice Not any/no Some A lot of Lots of Plenty of Most All Not any/no apples Some apples A lot of apples Lots of apples Plenty of apples Most apples All apples Not any/no rice Some rice A lot of rice Lots of rice Plenty of rice Most rice All rice Expressions of Quantity

ANY Used in negatives Compare NOT vs. No: I do not have any money  NOT: to make a verb negative. I have no money  used as an adjective

SOME and ANY Examples: There was someone in his room. (+) There wasn’t anyone in his room. (-) There was no one in his room. (-) We have some time to waste. (+) We don’t have any time to waste. (-) We have no time to waste. (-)

ADJECTIVEs and adverbs Review ADJECTIVEs and adverbs

Adjectives Used to modify/describe nouns. Miriam is an intelligent student. The children saw some beautiful pictures. Grandma loves her fat old cat. An adjective is neither singular nor plural. Final –s is never added.

Adjectives Number is an adjective She has two cars. This is a five-star hotel. Claude won the one-billion-dollar lottery.

Adverbs Used to modify verbs, adjectives, other adverbs or the whole sentence and to express time or frequency. To modify verbs: He walks quickly. She opened the door quietly.

Adverbs To modify adjectives: I am very happy. She is quite elegant. To modify other adverbs The soccer team played extremely badly last weekend. Adverbs of manner

Adverbs To modify the whole sentence Usually, Tom is never late. Bridgett is always on time. Ann will come tomorrow. Let’s go outside Adverbs of frequency Adverbs of time Adverbs of place

Adverbs commonly have a form of adjective + ly Some do not adjective dangerous dangerously careful carefully nice nicely horrible horribly easy easily electronic electronically adjective adverb good well fast hard

Gerunds and infinitives How to use Gerunds and infinitives

Gerunds The –ing form of a verb used as a noun, i.e., as a subject or an object. Playing tennis is fun. We enjoy playing tennis. He’s exited about playing tennis. S V Gerund phrase S V O prep O

Using IT + to Infinitive using gerunds as subjects Example of gerunds to infinitive form: Crouching  to crouch Flipping  to flip Blaming others is an unseemly behavior It is an unseemly behavior to blame others The word it refers to and has the same meaning as the infinitive phrase at the end of the sentence

changing Gerund into To + infinitive Riding a horse is always fun. To ride a horse is always fun. It is always fun to ride a horse Gerund verb To + infinitive verb Added subject verb To + infinitive

It + gerunds Sometimes used when the speaker is talking about a particular situation and wants to give the idea of “while” Tom was drunk. It was dangerous riding with him. We were in danger while we were riding with him.

End of Lecture 2