1.1.2a – Key influences that impact on sustained involvement in physical activity Learning objectives -To understand the cultural influences on sport -To discuss women in sport and the opportunities they have compared to men -To understand how image influence such as media and fashion can affect participation -To describe influential people on our decision to take up a sport -To be able to discuss the influence of resources and socio-economic status on sporting choices

Key influences on physical activity opportunities There are many influences on an individual to become involved in sport. Some of these include: Cultural influences Image and fashion influences Resource influences Socio-economic influences

Cultural Influences These are usually out of our control: Age: Age can put limits on what sport an individual may take up. Depending on the size of the club they may have a team at each age group. Young people have a wide variety of opportunity to access sports clubs and teams. Schools encourage mass participation during PE lesson and extend to after school clubs

Cultural Influences Disability: Sport is encouraged to all regardless of disability. They often compete against similar groups or can be mixed with able-bodied. Most facilities cater for disabled access. Oscar Pistorius is a double leg amputee but competes in able bodied races. Some people have claimed he has an unfair advantage over others due to his gastrocnemius not becoming fatigued.

Cultural Influences Gender: Males and females are both encouraged to take part in sport. Generally both sexes compete against the same gender to ensure fairness. Mixed doubles tennis/badminton and show jumping are the only exceptions. Men and sport: This is usually an outlet for aggression. Physical activity provides a competitive environment for which men seek. Many men join clubs to improve physical shape and to enjoy the social side of sport.

Cultural Influences Women and sport: Women also enjoy the competitive side of sport and increasing numbers join a gym due to social reasons (i.e. to go with a friend) Sports such as netball, tennis and dance clubs tend to be more popular with women due to there non-contact nature.

Women in sport Women tend to participate in activities associated with more non contact sports and those that would improve appearance. i.e. Toning muscles (aerobics)

This table shows the changing pattern of women in sport:

Women and elite level sport Women’ s opportunities at elite level are growing all the time. With an increase in the women’s sport profile, sponsorship and financial gain is becoming more readily available. Which women’s sports have seen an increase in coverage?

Women’s football association – Arsenal LADIES success Women and elite level sport Women’s football association – Arsenal LADIES success Women’s athletics Women’s Rugby Women’s tennis

Female sport coverage Do they have any/good media coverage? TENNIS? Role models? Strong grass roots? TENNIS? GOLF? BASKETBALL? FOOTBALL?

Female athletes and top-level sport Task: Using Rebecca Adlington as an example, say why she has a commercial impact on companies she may be sponsored by. The following ideas to help you: • What has she achieved? • What does her success mean to the country? • What are her personal qualities like?

Females have more opportunities in terms of: More females participate in sport Greater variety of sports available and recognised More clubs, competitions and organisations Better media coverage and therefore emerging role models More women’s success has lead to commercialisation deals.

TASK: Complete ‘Promoting Women in Sport’ worksheet.

What could clubs and groups do to increase involvement? Cultural Influences Race: Many ethnic groups participate in sport but have other factors that can effect their opportunities. DISCUSS Very few facilities Financial issues Disposable income What could clubs and groups do to increase involvement?

What could clubs and groups do to increase involvement? Promote and show images of people from different race taking part. ROLE MODELS What could clubs and groups do to increase involvement? Make all feel welcome. Encourage and motivate

Image Influences Fashion: Sports clothing is worn by all individuals irrespective of participation. Role models and teams have a huge influence on what we buy. i.e. Football shirts, NIKE trainers Popularity of an activity can be influenced by seasonal tournaments. i.e. During Wimbledon lots of people play tennis in local parks

Image Influences Media Coverage: Sport using a variety of media outlets to promote and report to a wide audience. Television Newspaper Radio Internet

Types of television broadcast: Terrestrial T.V. This includes all free to air channels (BBC1, 2, ITV, C4, CH5) The battle between terrestrial TV and Satellite for big sporting event is huge. The television committee has made sure that some sporting events are always available on free to air channels. (See table)

Event that can be bought Premier league football Free to air events Event that can be bought Olympic games Premier league football World Cup Ryder cup FA Cup final Cricket test matches Wimbledon IAAF World athletics Rugby World Cup

Positive & negative effects of sports coverage on terrestrial TV: Positive effects Negative effects Popular sports gain exposure Encourages participation Money gained goes in grass roots sport Generates role models Pundits increase public knowledge of elements of the game Major sport have majority of coverage (in the place of minority sports) Discourages participation as people sit at home at watch T.V. Views are at the directors discretion Replays and opinions can undermine referees and umpires

Types of television broadcast: Satellite T.V. This is subscription TV and includes SKY and Virgin Media These big companies bid for sporting events and cover a wide variety of activities. They also offer interactive services to enhance viewing. This also includes pay-per-view T.V.

Types of T.V. Broadcast: Informative Programmes: i.e. News bulletins. These programmes are based on facts and are designed to keep us updated on information. Educational Programmes: These programmes deal with coaching and helping people. They can be documentary based. i.e. Football coaching ideas Instructive Programmes: This coverage is aimed teaching the viewer something new. Many programmes include elements of instruction. i.e. A cricket master class during a break in play. Entertaining Programmes: These are designed for entertainment. Sometimes the drama of sport can be entertaining i.e. Quiz shows, reality t.v. shows

Radio: Radio broadcasters like the BBC will regularly report on sporting events and will provide live commentary. Five Live Talk Sport Radio 4 and cricket coverage

Press: The back pages of the newspaper always report on sporting news. Journalists and photographers are employed to solely work on sport news stories. Sports magazines are specific to a particular activity i.e. Golfers monthly Match, 4-4-2.

Internet: This is the newest form of media. The internet provide up to date coverage of sport from around the world. Sports good are also bought and sold over the internet.

Influential People Many different people can influence us greatly on the participation of a physical activity. Here are some groups: Family: Parents and other family members have a big influence on a child participation of sport. Think, is this true with you and your sporting choice? A child can be introduce to an activity at an early age by their family and will usually receive financial support to continue it. (costs many include kit, subscription and travel costs).

Influential People Peers: peers are individuals of the same age. (your friends) These people can influence what sport you take up. ‘Peer pressure’ can lead you to an activity and is easier than going alone to a club. Think, is this true with you?

Influential People Role models: There are many role models in sport and these can be a strong deciding factor in what sport we choose. The greater the media coverage of these performers the more we aspire to be like them. i.e. Cristiano Ronaldo Think, is this true with you?

Resource Influence Resources Available: The provision of outdoor and indoor facilities depends on many factors. Some facilities for sport are not financially or practically possible to have. The government allocate money to local authorities and lottery money provides additional income to spend on sporting facilities. Access: Where the facilities for an activity are good there is generally more participants. Good transport links mean people can access the club easily.

Resource Influence Location: Naturally the location of activities are important. Outdoor pursuits centres are common in Wales where there is a big outdoor space. i.e. National park. Indoor climbing centre are popular in cities as it is inexpensive compared to a real climbing trip. Time: The amount of free time will determine how much involvement an individual can devote to a sport.

Socio-economic influences Socio-economic status: The amount of money people earn and there occupation will influence what sport they choose to participate in. Some sports are seen as higher class sports CAN YOU NAME ANY? Rubgy, Rowing, Shooting..... Lower paid people tend to not be able to afford sports that require expensive equipment. i.e. Cricket, Golf and Tennis

Can you list activities that cost: Less than £50 to take part in: Between £50- £150 to do: Over £300 to participate in: