The Civil War (1861-1865) Through Maps, Charts, Graphs & Pictures

North vs. South in 1861

Which side had the advantage at the outset of the war?

Advantages of the Union (North)? population - 22 million 90% of ind. goods, esp. munitions efficient railroad system controlled the navy, which could be used to blockade s. ports and shut down the s. eco. but would have to fight an offensive war (long supply lines, unfamiliar territory...) capable mil. leaders, inc. Ulysses S. Grant

Confederate (Rebel) advantages (South) and disadvantages Excellent generals Robert E. Lee and Thomas Jackson Defending easier than attacking (familiar w/climate and territory, possible psychological advantages) Farmers fight better than factory workers Profitable eco. based on cotton exports But disadvantages… a smaller pop. of 9 million (inc. 3.5 million slaves) had to import ind. goods; very little munitions production

GREAT BRITAIN… The S. was looking for an add. adv., alliance w/ GB (since GB industry was dependent on "King Cotton")...but GB was wary of events and did not want to become involved: GB had stockpiled cotton as the conflict was escalating; they had also found other sources (Madras, India) most Br. workers who lost their jobs in cotton factories had been able to find work in the new munitions factories that were mostly supplying the N. most Br. citizens resented slavery Br. crop failures had led to increased grain trade w/ the N.

Rating the North & the South

Slave/Free States Population, 1861

Railroad Lines, 1860

Resources: North & the South

The Union & Confederacy in 1861

Men Present for Duty in the Civil War

Ohio Military Service

Soldiers’ Occupations: North/South Combined

Immigrants as a % of a State’s Population in 1860

The Leaders of the Confederacy Pres. Jefferson Davis VP Alexander Stevens

The Confederate “White House”

MOTTO  “With God As Our Vindicator” The Confederate Seal MOTTO  “With God As Our Vindicator”

A Northern View of Jeff Davis

Overview of the North’s Civil War Strategy: “Anaconda” Plan

The “Anaconda” Plan

George McClellan, Again! Lincoln’s Generals Winfield Scott Joseph Hooker Ulysses S. Grant Irwin McDowell George McClellan George Meade Ambrose Burnside George McClellan, Again!

McClellan: I Can Do It All!

The Confederate Generals Nathan Bedford Forrest “Stonewall” Jackson Nathan Bedford Forrest George Pickett Jeb Stuart James Longstreet Robert E. Lee

Battle of Bull Run (1st Manassas) July, 1861

The Monitor vs. the Merrimac The Battle of the Ironclads, March, 1862 The Monitor vs. the Merrimac

Damage on the Deck of the Monitor

Buy Your Way Out of Military Service

War in the East: 1861-1862

Battle of Antietam “Bloodiest Single Day of the War” September 17, 1862 23,000 casualties

Old South will be destroyed and replaced with new values Emancipation Proclamation Frees all slaves in REBELLING states on January 1, 1863 Old South will be destroyed and replaced with new values

Why does Lincoln free slaves in South not the North? Emancipation Proclamation Why does Lincoln free slaves in South not the North? Freeing slaves in South seen as military action As Commander in Chief (head of military) Lincoln can take military actions Can’t free slaves in north because of Constitution Government can’t take property without due process

Does Lincoln have authority to make Emancipation Proclamation? No Confederates created an independent nation Lincoln has no more authority to pass laws in the CSA than he does to pass laws in Canada Yes US is fighting an internal civil war Lincoln keeps authority over the south If it is a civil war European nations are not allowed to join the war North should not blockade the South

1 Emancipation Proclamation does NOT abolish ALL slavery in US Why Not? Maryland, Delaware, Kentucky, Missouri might secede Lincoln hoped Confederate states would stop fighting and return to the Union 1

Black Americans Join Up Emancipation Proclamation also allows blacks into US Army Fought under white commanders and had unequal pay and duties Used them for support work 54th Massachusetts – Glory

Emancipation Proclamation It freed the slaves only in states that have seceded from the Union. It did not free slaves in border states.

Emancipation in 1863

The Emancipation Proclamation

The Southern View of Emancipation

African-American Recruiting Poster

The Famous 54th Massachusetts

August Saint-Gaudens Memorial to Col. Robert Gould Shaw

African-Americans in Civil War Battles

Black Troops Freeing Slaves

Extensive Legislation Passed Without the South in Congress 1861 – Morrill Tariff Act 1862 – Homestead Act 1862 – Legal Tender Act 1862 – Morrill Land Grant Act 1862 – Emancipation Proclamation (1/1/1863) 1863 – Pacific Railway Act 1863 – National Bank Act

The War in the West, 1863: Vicksburg

Gettysburg – turning point Lee realized that the South was in dire straits and decided that it was crucial to attack the North on its own territory July 1-3, 1863 - BATTLE OF GETTYSBURG, Pa. Confed. bombardment; Union held firm July 3, General Pickett led 15,000 Confed. Troops across open fields - Union mowed them down (= "Pickett’s Charge") Lee was defeated and retreated to Virginia Gettysburg is the largest battle in the history of the Western hemisphere. Over 100, 000 people died in 3 days It was the last time the South invaded the North.

Gettysburg Address that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion -- that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain -- that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom -- and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth. Abe Lincoln

The Road to Gettysburg: 1863

Gettysburg Casualties

The North Initiates the Draft, 1863

Recruiting Irish Immigrants in NYC

Recruiting Blacks in NYC

NYC Draft Riots, (July 13-16, 1863)

NYC Draft Riots, (July 13-16, 1863)

A “Pogrom” Against Blacks

Inflation in the South

The Progress of War: 1861-1865

Sherman’s “March to the Sea” through Georgia, 1864

1864 Election Pres. Lincoln (R) George McClellan (D)

The Peace Movement: Copperheads Clement Vallandigham

1864 Copperhead Campaign Poster

Cartoon Lampoons Democratic Copperheads in 1864

Presidential Election Results: 1864

The Final Virginia Campaign: 1864-1865

Blacks in the Military After the Emancipation Proclamation blacks began to join the Union Army Initially they were only used for manual labor Eventually, Blacks saw live combat 54th regiment out of Massachusetts William Carney

The 54th Regiment attack on Fort Wagner, SC- July 18, 1863

April 3, 1865 - Grant took Richmond Va. - final blow to Lee's army Lee surrenders on April 9, 1865 at APPOMATTOX COURTHOUSE All Confed. troops forced to take an oath of loyalty to U.S. otherwise, terms of surrender were lenient Lincoln didn't want a humiliated South and further conflict issue of states' rights now "solved"- fed. gov't had asserted its status

After four bloody years of civil war, the South was defeated. On slide: Graphic. Click 1: After four bloody years… Click to next slide.

Over 618,000 military deaths during Civil War.

POLITICAL / ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTS w/o Southerners in fed. gov't, many changes occurred that benefited the North: 1) Homestead Act passed by Congress in 1862 - encouraged W. expansion w/o slavery - 165 acres given to anyone who would farm it 5 yrs. 2) Union-Pacific Railway was authorized - great trade potential, focused on the Northern States. 3) Tariffs were put in place to protect Northern industry

4) Congress established a single federal currency - same value in all states - known as "Greenbacks" 5) to cover war debts, Union gov't issued war bonds and intro'd income tax 6) in a further illustration of fed. gov't power, Lincoln's gov't restricted civil liberties so nothing would detract from Union war effort (suspended Habeas Corpus) - free press/ speech also interrupted 7) 1864 Election - only in Union - pitted Republican Lincoln against Democrat General McClellan  Lincoln won easily, assuring that war will continue (N. Democrats wanted an end)

EFFECTS OF CIVIL WAR creation of a single unified country abolition of slavery increased power to fed. gov't – killed the issue of states rights U.S. now an industrial nation a stronger sense of nationalism w. lands increasingly opened to settlement South was economically and physically devastated, w/ the plantation system crippled...thus Reconstruction (rebuilding the U.S.) - but a deep hatred of the North remained...

Surrender at Appomattox April 9, 1865

Casualties on Both Sides

Civil War Casualties in Comparison to Other Wars

Ford’s Theater (April 14, 1865)

The Assassin John Wilkes Booth

The Assassination

WANTED~~!!

Now He Belongs to the Ages!

The Execution