Modified Gravity: answer to Dark Matter/Energy? HongSheng Zhao Univ. of St Andrews, UK
Late acceleration+3rd peak Einstein’s Eq. needs fix RHS ⇒ Dark energy + DM e.g., Vaccum energy, Chaplygin gas 2. LHS ⇒ Modified gravity e.g., 1/R gravity (Carroll et al., 2003) dominates late
Bekenstein’s TeVeS for MOND =0 a0]2 ~ 3
Deflection by φDM ~ φTeVeS Bekenstein (2004), Angus, Famaey, Zhao (2006) Galactic Potential = lum+φTeVeS = lum+ φDM ds2 = (1+2) dt2 - (1-2) ( dx2 + dy2 + dz2 ) DM + DE --> Baryon-tracking Scalar field
Need Modified Gravity ~ Dark Matter (gDM/glum ).gDM ~ a0~ 1/2 Bruneton, Famaey, Gentile, Nipoti, Zhao (2006)
A Fake Hybrid Spiral Galaxy MOND fails to fit (Good !!) DM fits fine Stars Gas Gas Stars (with smaller M/L) Scarpa; http://xxx.lanl.gov/pdf/astro-ph/0601478
Polarisation ~ Bound Charge ~ Dark Matter ~ Scalar field + + + - - +Q - - + + ▼. [s ▼ φ] = 4Glum = ▼. ▼ Φlum Matter-tracking Dielectric s ~ ▼φ /a0 , a0 ~ 1/2
Predict Cosmology without further tuning Constraints: z=1010 (BBN) tBBN = 1sec initial cond. z=1100 (CMB) Horizon 1 degree z=0 (LRR) Gravity varies <4x10-13 yr-1
Match D(z) without Λ nor CDM! Dielectric s ~ dφ/dt a0 , a0 ~ 1/2
Matching Horizon, Distance, H0, BBN, … (Zhao et al. 06)
Falsifiable Beyond d /d R d /d Z Vertical oscillation of Sun-like stars d2/d R2 Roche Lobes of star clusters & dwarf galaxies d /d t Hubble expansion/CMB/structure formation
A baryonic TeVeS is incomplete Fail in Globular clusters (zero DM) Galaxy clusters (lots of DM, e.g., 1 ev neutrino) Some lenses elliptical galaxies (with DM core) Falsifiable from vertical force near Sun (GAIA).
Lensing as usual, but in strong regime
Compare with CDM Smaller image separation Longer time delay < 0.3 (GM/a0)1/2~ 3 kpc for M~1011 Longer time delay (or need H0 closer to 70):
Lensing angle distribution in TeVeS Chen & Zhao (2006, ApJ, Lett. submitted)
Not Perfect Zhao, Bacon, Taylor, Horne (2006,MNRAS)
Skordis et al. (2005),PRL Fit WMAP,SDSS if neutrino is massive (~0.17) (← first peak location)
MOND as fortune-teller to DM/DE Why/When it works? Often (LSB/SNIa) but not always (globular/galaxy clusters)! E.g., Hydrogen Balmer Line = (1/22 - 1/n2) R leads to new physics: quantum/duality concepts of particle/wave (gDM /gDM ).gDM ~ a0 ~ ½ clues to DM/DE, even better physics [duality of gravity?] All structures in universe are characterized by the same internal energy density . Why?
Why gravity = a0 somewhere in every object? GlobularCluster, MolecularCloud, dwarf, Ellip, X-Cluster ½ ~ a0 ~ Velocity2 /Length scale ~ cH0/6 ~ 100Msun/pc2 A good theory (DM/DE/MOND…) should explain this! The location of an object above or below the a0 line tells of the internal dynamics and how far they are from Newtonian. It is not claiming a velocity-dispersion size correlation. It is not clear how Newtonian theory with dark matter might account for the fact that these different objects, with a large range in size and environments, all have comparable internal accelerations.
Update Scores LCDM TeVeS-MOND Solar System ? ? Tides/vertical force Rot. curves HSB/LSB Lensing by Ellip/Clusters Hubble Expansion/CMB ???? Stay Tuned!
Cluster Masses from X-rays MOND says from velocity dispersion MTotal / MGas. ~ 2 Need 2 eV neutrinos in clusters of galaxies. Sanders & McGaugh: http://cul.arxiv.org/pdf/astro-ph/0204521
Neutrino Mass Limits Mνe< 2.2 eV Tritium decay endpoint measurements (But much better will come from KATRIN ~2007). A much lower mass limit would rule out neutrinos being a significant DM mass in galactic clusters. Mνµ< 170 KeV π+ → µ+ + νµ Mντ< 18 MeV τ - → 2 π - + π+ + ντ (Mνe + Mνµ + Mντ) < .68 eV WMAP (March 2006 results for 3 years of data), but uses Einstein’s Field Eqn. for structure formation (ie: Newton, which is not the MOND force law). Maybe MOND + the galactic cluster results are the first measurement that the typical neutrino mass is ~2 eV ! (G.Godfrey 2006)
Fit Non-spherical Lens with Shear Disk Lens J2004-1349 H0 ~ (R22 -R12 ) (1-k)/ (t2-t1) f(zs,zl) ~ 70 Shan & Zhao (in prep.)
Toy Lens with 3-baryon centres Density map Kappa map Angus, Famaey, Zhao (2006, MNRAS)
Duality of Gravity: DM-MOND Acceleration V2/R = -▼Φ = E Polarisation ▼ φ = P = D – E = -▼Φlum + ▼Φ Tracking ▼. [s ▼ φ]= 4Glum = ▼. ▼ Φlum Dielectric s ~ ▼φ /a0 , a0 ~ 1/2 Baryon = Free Charge DM = Polarisation
Predict Cosmology …without further tuning
CMB peaks: sensitive to baryon and dark matter B h2 (shift of zero point of oscillation) → first peak height second peak height Mh2 (increases the depth of potential well decreases radiation relative to matter(ISW)) → first peak height second peak → third peak height
trouble with higher (second and third) peaks of CMB(Slosar-Melchiorri-Silk,2005) (← Silk damping for baryons) WMAP/Boomerang WMAP