of large & small ruminants Clinical diagnosis of Most important infectious diseases of large & small ruminants

Important expressions Virulence &pathogenicity Infectious disease Virulence &pathogenicity Morbidity rate Reservoir (natural habitat) vector carrier Case fatality Course of disease Incubation period Infectivity Contagious disease

Foot and Mouth Disease

Foot and Mouth Disease Highly contagious viral disease. One of the most wide spread dss. affecting cloven hoofed animals (cattle – buffaloes- camel-sheep-goat- deer-pig -Not horses). It causes huge economic impact : - Effects on meat and milk production. High morbidity and high Mortality in calves reached 80% (low mortality in cattle and buffalo 2-5%) -Treatment &vaccination , disinfection, and burial costs. -Abortion is occasional sequelae. Effect on trade of livestock and livestock product (trade restriction ).

single stranded RNA virus Etiology Family Picornaviridae, genus Aphthovirus The disease is caused by 7 immunological distinct serotypes (with over 60 subtypes ): Type A Type O, Type C, South African Territories (SAT) 1, South African Territories (SAT) 2, South African Territories (SAT) 3, and Asia 1 Protection against one serotype not protect against infection with another serotype single stranded RNA virus

Detective or indicator HOST RANGES Only takes 10-12 virus particles to infect one cow Detective or indicator Maintenance host Amplifier host Pigs can excrete up to 400 million infective virus particles a day

Incubation period Incubation period depends on which strain of FMD virus (7 serotypes), dosage, and the route of entry. As short as 2-3 days in close contact As long as 10-14 days from windborne infection

virus begins replicating after 24 hrs of infection Excretion of FMD virus 14 days before clinical disease becomes apparent (IP). Virus is excreted in high quantities in expired air, in all secretions including milk, and from ruptured vesicles.

Clinical signs Mouth Feet Tongue Dental pad Gums Soft palate Muzzle Nostrils Feet Inter-digital space Coronary band Teats

Clinical sings in cattle Excessive salivation and drooling (smacking of lips) .

Unruptured vesicles on tongue Large erosion on tongue

Mouth lesions Vesicles on tongue, dental pad, gums, nostril, muzzel

Significant Drop in milk production ))Teat lesions

Hoof lesions (Lameness , unwillingness to movement)

50-80% young animals die (calves, lambs, etc)

In young animals there is focal necrosis of cardiac muscle In young animals there is focal necrosis of cardiac muscle. “Tiger heart Pale of myocardium in area of myocardium necrosis in young animals(tiger heart )

Animals may recover in 2 weeks. Only 1-5% die from FMD High morbidity, Low mortality Up to 50% of recovered ruminants continue to shed the virus sporadically, 6-24 months post-infection.

Differential diagnosis with some other disease Rinderpest Vesicular stomatitis Malignant catarrhal fever BVD (bovine viral diarrhea) IBR (Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis) LSD Foot rot PPR ( Peste des Petits ) BT(blue tongue)

Rinderpest

RP Highly contagious fatal viral disease Cattle , buffaloes and giraffe are highly susceptible. Incubation period (3-15 days) Affects the gastrointestinal and respiratory systems Eradication programs were commenced in 1990s and Egypt was declared free of rinderpest 1997

Clinical signs of RP - Fever Respiratory syptoms (labored and rapid breathing ) nasal/ocular discharge digestive symptoms (acute watery diarrhea, Oral and nostril erosions and ulcer morbidity approach 100%, Mortality 90-100%(2-12 day after onset ) -

Discharge (nasal & ocular ) RP (3th D ) Death (90-100%) Diarrhea (watery ) Discharge (nasal & ocular )

Malignant Catarrhal Fever

MCF Malignant catarrhal fever is a sporadic, usually fatal, viral infectious disease of ruminant particularly cattle, bison and deer characterized by low morbidity but high mortality ( death within 10 days and mortality 90-100%) It is also referred to as, malignant head catarrh, and gangrenous coryza. In South Africa it may also be called “snotsiekte” which means “snotting sickness” .

Etiology &Transmission Family herpes viruses Two major epidemiologic types of MCF exist, and both are defined by the ruminant spp that serve as natural reservoir host ; African form referred to wildbeest associated MCF (WA –MCF) caused by AlHV-1 &The other is sheep-associated MCF (SA-MCF) caused by OvHV-2 .

Transmission The epidemiology of 2 major types of MCF within the natural reservoir hosts is totally different . In wildbeest : the calves were infected horizontal transmission (intrauterine ) and shed virus 2-3 month of age &remain infected for life but shedding of virus from adult wildbeest is rare so the outbreaks of WA-MCF in Africa generally correspond to the wildbeest calving season . By contrast sheep are not infected with OVHV-2 until at age of 2-3 months old of age and shed of virus at 6 months of age Transmission from reservoir animals (sheep, wildbeest ) to domestic through nasal and occular secretion by inhalation of droplets.

Host range The host can be divided into 2 types: Well adapted a symptomatic carriers as wildbeest, sheep,goat ; shed virus into environment Poorly adapted hosts (clinically susceptible spp )in which both disease and subclinical infection occur as cattle ;not shed infectious virus (dead end host)

Head and eye form is common Clinical signs Head and eye form is common Enlarged lymph nodes Typical head and eye form of MCF showing encrustation on muzzle ,nasal discharge , lacrimation and corneal opacity

MCF Animals suffer, painful and breathe with difficulty

Painful swollen eyes

MCF Ocular and nasal discharge

Cornel opacity blindness corneal opacity

MCF Hyperemia ,erosion and Necrosis of buccal papillae

MCF Diarrhea

Vesicular Stomatitis

Vesicular Stomatitis Viral infection Horses, donkeys, cattle, swine, camelids Arthropod-borne, direct contact, aerosol Morbidity 90%, mortality low

Vesicular Stomatitis Animals Humans Incubation period 3-5 days Oral/mammary/coronary band lesions, salivation, lameness Resembles FMD Recovery in 2 weeks Humans Incubation period 1-6 days Influenza-like symptoms Oral lesions rare Self limiting

Erosion on tongue Rupture vesicle on heel

Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR) in cattle

IBR Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) is a highly contagious viral respiratory disease of cattle caused by bovine herpesvirus 1 . result in severe production losses, abortion and mortality. Virus persist in recover animals for years

Respiratory form – nasal discharge CLINICAL FORMS(IBR) Hemorrhage and erosion on bucal mucosa &gum Respiratory form – nasal discharge Conjunctivitis

CLINICAL FORMS(IBR) Genital form (abortion 6-9 ms) Brain form – encephalitis

Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD)

LSD LSD is an acute viral disease of cattle characterized by eruption of variably sized nodules on the skin and other parts of the body causing high economic losses (decrease milk production and reduce hide value ) Family: Poxviridae Genus : Capripoxvirus Closely related to sheep and goat pox

Transmission Mosquitoes and flies Direct contact via cutaneous lesions, saliva, nasal discharge, milk, semen, muscles, (Virus can survive up to 35 days in desiccated crusts) No carrier state Spread related to movement of cattle

Clinical Signs Fever (40-41.5°C). LSD symptoms range from In apparent to severe infection(IP:4-14 days) Fever (40-41.5°C). Depression, anorexia, excessive salivation, oculonasal discharge, cough& distress repiration and emaciation. Painful nodules (1-5 cm), especially in the skin of the muzzle, nares, back, legs, scrotum, perineum, eyelids, lower ear, nasal mucosa, oral mucosa and tail. Nodules affect the whole skin, the subcutaneous tissue and sometimes the musculature. Nodules may be scattered through naso pharynx , bronchi and lung ,and digestive canal

LSD NODULES

LSD

LSD (lesions on muzzle and nostrils )

LSD (lesions on trachea and lung) Lesion in lung area Lesion in tracheal mucosa

LSD Lameness resulting from inflammation and necrosis of tendons, and from severe oedema of brisket and legs.

Peste des Petits Ruminants

PPR Contagious viral disease of goat and sheep. Goats are usually more susceptible than sheep (goat plague ) Camel , cattle and pigs are susceptible to infection but they do not exhibit clinical signs and do not play role in epizootology of PPR (dead end host)

Organism Peste des petits ruminants (PRR) is a paramyxovirus of the genus Morbillivirus. It is antigenically very similarto the Rinderpest virus. Other members of the genus include measles virus and canine distemper virus.

Transmission Transmission of PPR requires close contact. The virus is present in eye, nose, and mouth discharges as well as feces. Most infections occur through inhalation of aerosols from sneezing and coughing animals. Animals maybe infectious during the incubation period. There is no known carrier state.

PPR has 2 forms Acute form Per acute form •Incubation period 4-6 days and may 3-10 day Fever, Mucopurulent ocular and nasal discharges -Pneumonia (Coughing, difficulty in breathing with fetid odor of breath ) -Ulceration of oral MM(EROSIVE STOMATITIS ) -Severe diarrhea (gastroenteritis,). •Morbidity 90 –100 % •Commonly in goats -High fever -Depression -Death •Mortality is high (50-100% ).

Both morbidity and mortality rate are lower in endemic area and in adult animal when compare to young More frequent outbreak during rainy seasons and cold season also associated with seasonal period of high local trade

Dried exudates on mouth and muzzle due to rhinitis and conjunctivitis

Lesion on bucal cavity and muzzle Erosions on gums, dental pad Mucopurulent discharge crusting the nostril; muzzle animal begins open mouth breathing. Erosion on hard and soft palate

PNEMONIA

Bluetongue

Bluetongue Insect born Viral disease, family Reoviridae, genus Orbivirus. 24 serotypes have been identified affect sheep ,goat ,deer and cattle . Sheep are most affected spp ,most infections in cattle are unapparent Biological vectors: Culicoides spp.

Bluetongue Incubation period: 5-10 days Sheep Cattle, goats Salivation, facial swelling, nasal discharge Cyanotic (blue) tongue Swollen in lips and tongue Haemorrhage of oral and nasal tissue Reproductive disorders Lamness (coronary band) Death after 6 day of clinical signs Cattle, goats Subclinical; possible mild hyperemia

القدم المتورم مقارنة بآخر سليم BT القدم المتورم مقارنة بآخر سليم

BT الحالات الحادة يلاحظ ظهور اللسان بلون أزرق

Swelling of head

Animal with severe coronitis and stand with arched back

Rift Valley Fever in Egypt

RVF Acute arthropod born viral disease of human and animals Most severe in sheep ,cattle , and goat camel are also important host . Young animal show high mortality(reach 95% of one week old lamb) It cause by single serotype of bunya virus genus phlebo virus

Transmission Transmission :Indirect Contamination by Bites of Many Types of Mosquitoes Aedes. Anopheles. Culex.

Clinical Picture The clinical signs vary with the age, species and breed (per acute –acute – subacute ) In endemic regions, epidemics of Rift Valley fever can be recognized by high mortality rates in newborn animals and abortions in adults(aborton is characteristic features in pregnant animals ). Rift Valley fever is usually most severe in young animals. In lambs, a biphasic fever, anorexia and lymphadenopathy may be followed by weakness and death within 36 hours. Hemorrhagic diarrhea or abdominal pain and vomiying can also be seen. Juindice

Abortions are the most characteristic sign in adult sheep and cattle

Fetus can be aborted in any stage of gestation

Post Mortem Lesions (hemorrhage are common in organs ) necrosis of the liver Intestine showing petechial hemorrhages Spleen with sub capsular hemorrhages

If Suspect dss What actions Notification ((why

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