Nation-states vs Nationless States Conflict in the Former Yugoslavia https://sites.google.com/a/cfschools.org/geography-of-conflict/home

Nation vs. State Nation: a group of people with a common culture living in one area State: an independent unit that controls it affairs, also known as a country Nation-state: when a nation and state are in the same place

Stateless Nation Occurs when a group of people with a common culture do not have their own country.

Is it possible to have a nation without a state? YES! Examples: Palestinians Kurds Basques

Label Your Map Use the outline Provided in your pack to Label the following countries on your outline map: Albania, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia, Slovenia, Kosovo

Europe 1560

Europe 1648

Europe WWI

Europe WWII

Europe Cold War

History Kingdoms of Serbia, Croats, and Slovenes united under the Serbian king after WWI Many ethnic groups and religions were brought together Serbs- Serbian Orthodox (Christian) Bosniak- Muslim Croat- Christian Slovene- Christian Albanian (Kosovo)- Muslim WWII Name was changed to Yugoslavia- “Land of the Slavs”

History- Tito’s Yugoslavia Josip Bros Tito- became dictator of Yugoslavia (communist)- forced Germany out Promoted Yugoslav nationalism Brought political stability Suppressed ethnic tensions Died in 1980

Yugoslavia Begins to Crumble After Tito’s death- leadership rotated between presidents of the republics in Yugoslavia- Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia, and Slovenia Wanted to help their own republics at the expense of Yugoslavia as a whole Economic instability- foreign debt

Stable Past? Understanding Yugoslavia Before the Genocide https://www.ricksteves.com/watch-read-listen/read/understanding-yugoslavia Before the Genocide http://www.ppu.org.uk/genocide/g_bosnia.html

Ethnic Makeup Ethnic Makeup Religious Makeup Bosnia 48% Bosniak 40% Muslim 37% Serb 31% Orthodox Christian 14.3% Croat 15% Catholic   Croatia 89.6% Croat 88% Catholic 4.5% Serb 4.4% Orthodox Christian 1.3% Muslim Serbia 83% Serb 85% Serbian Orthodox 4% Hungarian 5.5% Catholic 1.4% Romany 3.2% Muslim 1.1% Yugoslav 1.1% Bosniak Macedonia 64% Macedonian 65% Macedonian Orthodox 25% Albanian 33% Muslim 3.9% Turk

Ethnic Makeup Ethnic Makeup Religion Montenegro 43% Montenegrin Religious data not available 32 % Serbian 8% Bosniak 5% Albania Kosovo 88% Albanians 90% Muslim 8% Kosovo Serbs Serbian Orthodox 4% other ethnic groups. Roman Catholic Slovenia 83% Slovene 58% Roman Catholic 2% Serb 2% Muslim 2% Croat 2% Orthodox 1%Bosnian 12% Other or undeclared

Slobodan Milosevic 1986- Slobodan Milosevic (Serb) came to power Promoted Serbian nationalism and the creation of a Greater Serbia- offended non-Serbs Led to declarations of independence, War in Croatia, War in Bosnia, and War in Kosovo June 1991- Slovenia and Croatia (Serb minority) declared independence November 1991- Macedonia declared independence March 1992- Bosnia and Herzegovina (Serb minority) declared independence

War in Croatia Croatia purged the public administration of all Serbs- offended Serbs, reminded them of WWII when Croats helped Nazis killed them. Hostilities led to war Yugoslav’s Army supported Serbs- took control of 1/3 of Croatia and killed many Many Serbs were killed or fled the area UN negotiated a cease fire in 1992 1995- Croatia reclaimed land; war ended; UN aid

War in Bosnia After declaration of independence, Serbs (large minority) launched a war to stop it Ethnic cleansing- Serbs killed Bosnians and Croats- tried to eliminate ethnic group NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization- military alliance) began air strikes against Serbs 1995- cease-fire and peace treaty- Bosnia remained independent

War in Kosovo Milosevic tried to gain complete control of Kosovo and wipe out non- Serb ethnic groups- mainly Albanian here Kosovo Liberation Army (KLO) fought back 1998- ethnic cleansing escalated- U.S., U.K. and others imposed economic sanctions- didn’t stop killings 1999- NATO launched air strikes- led to a peace treaty Declared independence in 2008 from Serbia- only 85 countries recognize it; Serbia does not

Conflict Warning, the following video contains graphic information. Viewer Discretion is Advised. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RwEtn9VnnGo&has_verified=1&has_verified=1&client=mv-google&layout=tablet&app=desktop

Response to Conflict International Response to the Genocide http://www.historyplace.com/worldhistory/genocide/bosnia.htm http://www.history.com/topics/bosnian-genocide#a3 United Nations Response http://genocidewatch.org/bosniaherzegovina.html NY Times article: "UN Will Add NATO Troops to Bosnia Force" http://www.nytimes.com/1992/09/11/world/un-will-add-nato-troops-to-bosnia-force.html?ref=bosniaandherzegovina

Aftermath After the Bosnian Genocide:         http://www.ppu.org.uk/genocide/g_bosnia2.html Article: Are there similarities between Syria today and Bosnia in the 1990's?         http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/47776055/ns/world_news-the_new_york_times/#.T-CvC9XNk_8