Cell Chemistry and Biosynthesis

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Presentation transcript:

Cell Chemistry and Biosynthesis

Overview Major Atoms Covalent bonds, Ionic bonds Water, non-covalent force in water Four major families of small molecules Sugar, fatty acids, amino acids, nucleotides Three macromolecule families: polysaccharide, protein, nucleic acid Non covalent bonds determine molecular shape and interactions

The Chemical Components of A Cell Basic Element: Atom, protons, Neutrons, Electrons Atomic Weight, Molecular Weight Avgadro’s number (6x1023 molecules), Mole (1 mole= 6x1023 molecules), Molar solution (1M=1mole/liter) Electron shells (2,8,8,18,18)

Carbon and Hydrogen

Chemical Elements for Live Organisms H, C, O, and N make up 96.5% weight of a living organism

The Chemical Bonds Ionic Bonds, Covalent Bonds Bond length and bond strength Covalent bonds: Single bond, double bond, polar bond Van der waals force

Covalent Bond and Ionic Bond Ionic bond: electron transfer Covalent bond: electron sharing

Sodium Chloride: ionic bond formation

The geometry of covalent bonds

Important Energy Levels

The Van der Waals forces

The Water Environment 70% of cell is water Hydrogen bond Hydrophilic and hydrophobic Acid and base Proton and hydroxyl Non-covalent interactions in water: Ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds, van der waals attractions, hydrophobic force

Absorb a proton or donate OH- Acid Donate a proton Base Absorb a proton or donate OH- NH3+H2O->NH4++OH- NaOH->Na++OH-

Ionic bonds in Water

Hydrogen bond Polar interaction: a elecgtropositive hydrogen is shared by two neighboring electornegative atoms

Molecular Interaction in solution 1. H-bond (hydrogen bond), 2. Ionic bond, 3. Van der Waals 4. Hydrophobic “force”

Four Major Families of Small Organic Molecules Sugars-> polysaccharides Fatty acids -> fats, lipids, membranes Amino acids -> proteins Nucleotides -> nucleic acids

Four Major Small Organic Molecules

Sugar [(CH2O)n, carbohydrates] Glucose

Condensation and hydrolysis Disaccharide Condensation and hydrolysis

Fatty Acids

Phospholipid (amphipathic)

Amino Acid

Amino Acid and pH values

Peptides and proteins

ATP (ribonucleotide adenosine triphosphate) Nucleotides ATP (ribonucleotide adenosine triphosphate)

Nucleotides and DNA, RNA DNA: deoxyribonucleic acids A(adenine) G(guanine) T(thymine) C (cytosine) RNA: ribonucleic acids A G U(Uracil) C

Macromolecules

Three families of macromolecules

The assembly of macromolecules

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