U1C1 Renaissance and Reformation World History

Main Ideas The Italian Renaissance: In Italy the growth of wealthy trading cities and new ways of thinking helped lead to a rebirth of the arts and learning. This era became known as the Renaissance. The Northern Renaissance: Renaissance ideas soon spread beyond Italy to northern Europe by means of trade, travel, an printed material, influencing the art ideas of the north. The Protestant Reformation: Criticism of the Roman Catholic Church led to a religious movement called the Protestant Reformation and brought changes in religion and politics across Europe. The Counter-Reformation: Catholics at all levels recognized the need for reform in the church. Their work turned back the tide of Protestantism in some areas and renewed the zeal of Catholics everywhere.

Focus Question What is humanism?

The Italian Renaissance Beginnings Black Death Starvation warfare led to changes in 1300s Europe specialization led to trading and city-states, increasing knowledge Ideas and Art Ideas: Renaissance (French for rebirth) Ancients-Greeks brought scholarly work to Venice Humanism- The movement inspired by Greek and Roman culture that emphasized individual accomplishment and education Secular writers- had ”worldly” rather than “spiritual” focus, led to idea of “Renaissance Man” Science-Copernicus, Galilei challenged church teachings Art: Leonardo da Vinci (Mona Lisa, Last Supper), Michelangelo (Sistine Chapel), Raphael (The School of Athens), Bramante (designed St. Peter’s Basilica) Patrons-wealthy that supported the arts Styles-secular, perspective, accurate shapes/textures

The Northern Renaissance Philosophers Desiderius Erasmus: pure & simple Christian life, without rituals/politics of the church; advised on education children Writers Sir Thomas More: humanist author of Utopia William Shakespeare: focused on lives of realistic characters, not morality Christine de Pisan: champion of equality and education for women Artists Albrecht Durer: learned realism/perspective in Italy; used oils for texture Jan van Eyck: Flemish School; landscapes, domestic life Pieter Brueghel: 1500s Flemish; everyday peasant life

The Protestant Reformation Cause: Humanist values led people to question church authority Some clergy were corrupt, worldly, or poorly educated Martin Luther posted his Ninety-five Thesis The printing press helped spread Reformation ideas Effect: Many Protestant sects developed Church leaders reformed the Catholic Church Religious intolerance and anti-Semitism increased Religious conflicts spread across Europe

The Counter Reformation Reforms: Savonarola, Jesuits used education led by Ignatius of Loyola, Council of Trent, Charles Borremeo, Francis of Sales, Teresa of Avila, The Inquisition and Spanish Inquisition targeted Protestants, Jews, Muslims, witchcraft, Index of Forbidden Books Effects: Changes in Religion: Catholic faith spread, Protestants and Catholics battled, Protestants battled each other; religious freedom brought equal conflict and turmoil Persecution and Hysteria: 1500-Jews and Muslims kicked out of Spain, Jews forced into ghettos, thousands executed of witchcraft between 1580-1660 Political Effects: declining power of Catholic Church led to increased nationalism Wars: The Italian Wars: 1494-1559, France , Spain & England involved; spread Italian Renaissance throughout Europe Peasants’ War (1524) in Germany: unhappy with high taxes and no power Holy Roman Emperor Charles V (Catholic) against Lutheran princes of Germany to stop Protestantism 1546-1555 1598: Huguenots (Protestants) battled Catholics; leader, Henry became Catholic, granted religious freedom to Protestants

Focus Question What is humanism? The movement inspired by Greek and Roman culture that emphasized individual accomplishment and education