Jefferson—Road to War British were violating US rights at sea Impressment: The British were fighting with Napoleon and in desperate need for soldiers/sailors—so American sailors were often kidnapped and “impressed” into the British Navy. (Chesapeake incident)

—The British STILL occupied forts around the Great Lakes and were allied/trading with the Native Americans!

Jefferson Takes Action: The Embargo Act of 1807 In an attempt to protect American ships and hit England where it hurt, Jefferson passed the Embargo act: Forbade ALL exports to foreign countries crippled U.S. economy goods went unsold ships sat empty in harbors jobs were lost and businesses failed In this climate, James Madison was elected 4th president of the U.S. in 1808 and faced these growing problems.

Madison was increasingly influenced by these powerful Congressmen. As tensions mounted, Congressmen known as “War Hawks”—esp. Henry Clay and John Calhoun —were elected to Congress 1810. -For the first time reps are elected from new frontier states of KT, TN, and OH -younger, didn’t see Revolutionary War - -wanted access to more Western land Madison was increasingly influenced by these powerful Congressmen. Without any particular “straw that broke the camel’s back,” Madison and the Congress declared war on England in June of 1812.

The Plan: Invade Canada --U.S. invasions into Canada failed three times. (NE Feds did not support warHartford Convention) --Great Lakes Campaign more successful—U.S. prevents Brits from invading NY and NE --U.S. finally achieves victory along Canadian border end of Brit. threat (and an end to Native American unity) in the region.

War in the Chesapeake: Attack on D.C. and Baltimore --Brits gave up on Canada and headed to the middle states (sound familiar?) -- invaded D.C. and set White House and Capitol on fire. --Brits were never able to take Ft. Mc Henry in Baltimore—inspires our national anthem. --The Brits were unable to take the capital.

Andrew Jackson & the Southern Campaign --Brits now shifted focus from invading the Chesapeake to invading the south --Jan. 1815 Andrew Jackson became hero at New Orleans—although the victory was somewhat meaningless, as Treaty of Ghent was signed in Dec. of 1814—the British had had enough.

Treaty of Ghent/Outcomes of War Brits war-weary after 20-yr war with France, ready to call it quits. Treaty Provisions Agreed to end war . . . which was essentially a tie. (no land changed hands) Significance of the War End of the Federalist Party U.S. proved itself to be a “real” nation Huge growth in U.S. manufacturing Weakened Native American presence Andrew Jackson becomes a national hero NATIONALISM—Americans began to identify more with nation than region/state

NATIONALISM & THE MARSHALL COURT

John Marshall’s Background Served as Washington’s Aide in the Revolutionary War. Served as Secretary of State under John Adams. Appointed Chief Justice of the Supreme Court by Adams. Continued as Sec. of State and Chief Justice for 2 months.

Marshall’s Politics He was a Federalist He had a “loose” interpretation of the Constitution. He believed strongly in implied powers. He developed “Judicial Review” He believed strongly in the “national supremacy clause”.