Absolute Monarchs in Europe

Spain’s Empire and European Absolutism Charles fought against the Muslims and opposed Lutheranism, and signed the Peace of Augsburg. This allowed German princes to decide the religion of their territory. Phillip II inherited Spain, who is deeply religious

Phillip took over Portugal With both country’s assets, Phillip was incredibly wealthy Europe was going through religious wars because of the Reformation. Phillips duty to defend Catholicism Muslims in Ottoman Empire Protestants in Europe

Spanish Art and Literature El Greco & Velazquez Miguel de Cervantes Used brilliant colors, distorted human figure, expressed emotion symbolically Showed deep Catholic faith work Don Quixote de la Mancha The birth of the modern European novel Some say it’s a mockery of chivalry

Spanish Empire Weakens Temporary wealth = long term economic problems Inflation Population increase leads need for more food and other goods. Merchants can raise prices Silver bullion flooded the market, leading to a price drop Spain’s methods of making cloth and manufactured goods lead the people to go out of country Protestants in Netherlands win independence from Spain in 1579

The Independent Dutch Prosper Netherlands is a republic and practices religious toleration In 1600s, Netherlands becomes center of European art Rembrandt and Vermeer are famous Dutch painters Dutch have world’s largest trading fleet Dutch replace Italians as Europe’s bankers

Absolutism in Europe Rulers want to be absolute monarchs—rulers with complete power Believe in divine right—idea that monarchs represent God on earth Decline of feudalism, rise of cities help monarchs gain power Decline in Church authority also increases power Monarchs impose order by increasing their own power

English Monarchs – Tudor King Henry VIII Edward VI Left the Catholic church for his own motives Divorced beheaded died divorced beheaded survived Created religion that lies somewhere between Catholic and Protestant, Raised Protestant, at his fathers wish Issues were more within family Uncles were Lord Protectors with own agendas

English Monarchs _ Tudor Mary I Elizabeth I Known as “Bloody Mary” Married Phillip II of Spain Devout Catholic Made arrangements with Spain that they could not take over in the event of her passing Protestant Never married Learned from family’s mistakes Created a prayer book in the common language Mary Queen of Scots was a problem

Spanish Armada Phillip II felt that he had rights to England since he was married to Mary I Felt he had to protect English Catholicism Revolt in Netherlands led to no other access to England except a big maritime attempt After two years of planning, the English tried to intercept the Spanish but were blown back by winds Finally fought off the shores of France, and after hours of battle a wind change left the Spanish no option but to flee

The Babington Plot Elizabeth’s cousin, Mary Queen of Scots, was believed to be the rightful heir to the throne, and was Catholic. Elizbeth felt threatened and imprisoned her One of Mary’s followers had a plan to free her, which included the assassination of Elizabeth These letters being sent back and forth were intercepted and deciphered by spies. This plot led to Mary’s death, as well as the leader of this plan, Anthony Babington

English Monarchs – Stuart James I Charles I Worst problems were money Refused to make Puritan reforms New translated Bible Needed money for wars with Spain and France Signed Petition of Rights Law is higher than King

The English Civil War Royalists vs. Parliament (supporters of Charles vs. Puritan Supporters) Oliver Cromwell – Puritan general Cromwell captured the King and found him guilty of treason, sentenced to death. First time a King was put to public trial and execution

Oliver Cromwell Cromwell now is in control of country Abolished monarchy Sent home remaining Parliament Drafted first constitution, but ripped it up and became a military dictator Promoted Puritan morality and abolished “sinful” activites.

English Monarchs – Stuart Charles II James II Restored the monarchy Lead a peaceful reign considering the years before Had to clean up Cromwell mess Habeas Corpus Whigs vs Tories Devout Catholic Sent country into turmoil again over religion Dissolved Parliament over religion Members invited James daughter, Mary and her husband William to overthrow James

William and Mary Lead an army into London, leading James II to flee to France This Bloodless overthrow is known as the Glorious Revolution Back to Protestant rule English Bill of Rights