Biochemistry Organic Compounds anything that is made up of the element carbon (except CO2) O, N, and H are also present Inorganic Compounds Not made up of carbon WATER is most common example

Four Groups of Organic Compounds Carbohydrates made up of C,H,O 2:1 ratio of H:O Source of energy Include sugars and starches

Three Types of Sugars: Monosaccharides (mono)- “simple” sugars like glucose and fructose Disaccharides (di)- two mono sugars bonded together like lactose Polysaccharides (poly)- complex sugars like starch, cellulose and glycogen

Break Down or Build Up? Dehydration Synthesis (Build) Simple + simple = complex Monomer + monomer= dimer + dimer= polymer Forms WATER as a product General Example blah+blah  blah + Water Specific Example Mono + mono  di. + Water

Hydrolysis (water/breakdown) complex= simple + simple Polymer= monomer+ monomer Uses Water as a reactant General Example Blah + water  blah + blah Specific Example Di. + water  mono. + mono

Opposites

2. Lipids Include fats, oils, and waxes C,H,O Stored energy Really big molecules (Billy Fuccillo)

Good Fat or Bad? A. Saturated fat (bad)- single bonds between carbon atoms B. unsaturated fat (good)- double bonds between carbon atoms

3. Nucleic Acids Contain O,H,C,P,N Related to Genetics Two Types: a. DNA b. RNA Structure of a nucleic acid:

4. Proteins Contain O,H,C,N Found in cells & tissues (hair, fingernails) Made up of amino acids Structure of an amino acid:

What’s a protein look like? aa-aa-aa-aa-aa-aa-aa-aa-aa-aa Smallest protein is 49 amino acids long

Enzymes Speed up/ slow down reactions Have specific shapes that “fit” other molecules Help break things down and build them up

Sometimes Enzymes Work, Sometimes They Don’t Enzyme activity