Private Shared Mobility Roadmap for Tamil Nadu

Institute for Transportation and Development Policy PROMOTING SUSTAINABLE & EQUITABLE TRANSPORTATION WORLDWIDE

What we do Our sustainable transport agenda Compact Connect Coordinate Transit Oriented Dev’t Public Transit Connect Coordinate Compact Mobility Planning & Data Travel Demand Mgmt Walking & Cycling Shared Mobility

Short-term access to mobility services on an ‘as-needed’ basis. What is Shared Mobility? Short-term access to mobility services on an ‘as-needed’ basis. UC-Berkeley. Shaheen.

PRIVATE SHARED MOBILITY More than “Ola-Uber” ICT-enabled services

Mobility Modes Public transport Private Shared Mobility Personal Motor Vehicles MTC TNSTC-SETC Chennai MRTS Suburban Rail Chennai Metro Shared-autos Shared-vans Privately run city buses Company buses Chartered buses Auto rickshaws Cycle rickshaws Taxi rentals Radio/App taxis Car-rental Car-pooling Motorcycle-sharing Personal scooters / motor cycles Personal cars/jeeps Personal electric cars Personal electric scooters/bikes UC-Berkeley. Shaheen.

Private Shared Mobility Modes Vehicle Rental Ride Sharing With driver Without driver Fixed route Flexible route Small Motor Vehicles Motorbikes Cycle rickshaws Auto rickshaws Mini-vans Cars Autos/Taxis On-street Radio cabs App-cabs Car Sharing One-way Two-way Peer-to-peer Micro-transit Share-autos Magic/Maximo Taxi-sharing Car-pooling School vans Duration rental Buses & Mini-buses Pilgrimage buses Private city buses UC-Berkeley. Shaheen. Company buses School buses Bicycles Cycle Rental Cycle Sharing

Is Shared Mobility Sustainable? The truth is that it is all of these modes versus the car. The sum of these modes is actually competitive with the car. Who here only rides transit and NMT? Whio has been in a car in the last week? We need other options until our mobility options are as rich as European ones. Buying a car is like paying for an all-you-can-eat buffet – you pay upfront and then consume as much as you want. Even shared cars charge per trip, so people are more likely to use vehicles only when necessary, and walk, bike, or use transit when possible.

Key Guiding Principles ₹ Equitable access for all Resource optimisation Safety & Security Environment-friendliness Increase the reach of high quality public transport and shared mobility, ensuring that a majority of city residents live within a ten minute walk of formal public transport. The catchment area is supported with high quality walking and cycling infrastructure, making sustainable modes a more viable means of transport for more citizens. All transport systems accommodate the needs of women, children, and the elderly. By investing in modes whose infrastructure and operations costs less per person-km, cities optimize their finances. Cities develop competitive alternatives for managing use of private vehicles. Fewer vehicles and lesser road space is required to transport more people. Street design should not compromise the safety of citizens on any transport mode. This is to ensure zero fatalities per year from traffic crashes. Security of passengers as well as drivers is ensured. Promoting low pollution modes that consume less fuel or energy per capita helps cities retain their air quality. They mitigate the negative impacts of motorized transport infrastructure (such as urban sprawl, traffic congestion, oil dependence, climate change, etc.) through managing the demand for road space and travel.

Shared mobility has the Business-as-usual: Vehicle Ownership Focused on policy

VS. VISION for shared mobility 20th Century Model: 21st Century Model: One vehicle for all trip types. 21st Century Model: A spectrum of travel modes available for any trip type. The sum of options is greater than the whole. VS. What I hear in each session is really ways to decrease vehicle ownership. If you own a car, you drive it. If you fight for parking. It is all in your interest. And as people grow wealthy, they want to drive. How many people in here have been in a car in the last week? Once people don’t have a sunk investment, they haven’t paid tens of thousands of dollars to cement them in the car ownership circle. When we look at what we need to do to reduce climate change: it is reduce vehicle ownership. Share-autos Car ownership induces driving. Once you invest in a car, you use it. Car ownership is the mobility plan. Transit, walking & cycle remain core. No sunk costs. No depreciation. No ownership-induced travel. Pay for every kilometer driven.

VISION for shared mobility Services must be integrated Physical integration Information integration Fare integration This is the only thing I have seen convince even wealthy people to not own a car. They might use uber more, but not all the time. How do we ensure that this improves more economically, socially, and environmentally sustainable transport?

Shared Mobility is highly scalable Shared mobility modes are replicating quickly around the globe. As a percentage of total urban transport trips, these modes are still small, but growing fast. How can cities harness this scale-ability, and use it to supplant vehicle ownership?

Shared Mobility: Disrupting the Decline in Cycling Using Shared Mobility to bend the trend Automobile Use in China Cycling in China Introduction of VELIB Conversion of parking to more bike lanes Cycling in Paris

car-oriented development, Shared Mobility Vision: Disrupt Vehicle Ownership Car ownership drives car-oriented development, Not welcoming to pedestrians and cyclists, lack of pedestrian connectivity for easy access to local destinations and transit stations.

car-oriented development. Shared Mobility Vision: Disrupt Vehicle Ownership Car ownership drives car-oriented development. which further drives car ownership and usage. Not welcoming to pedestrians and cyclists, lack of pedestrian connectivity for easy access to local destinations and transit stations.

Shared Mobility Vision: Disrupt Vehicle Ownership Shared mobility enables car-free households, which demand dense mixed cities, transit, and NMT. THE MODEL. NOT IMPOSSIBLE… IT’S BEEN DONE. Not a CBD. Pretty normal urban conditions A few miles from the Business center Along a major arterial corrdor leading to the CBD Concretization of a few basic principles of integration of urban form with sustainable transportation options.

Shared Mobility Vision: Disrupt Vehicle Ownership Shared mobility enables car-free households, which demand dense mixed cities, transit, and NMT. Dense mixed cities and alternative mobility encourage car-free households.

Integrated Ecosystem - APTA/SUMC, 2015

VISION for shared mobility Diverse, rich multi-modal network High-quality transit, walking, and cycling anchor complementary, well-integrated, responsive shared mobility, to provide a highly accessible system that sustainably serves all mobility needs. Leapfrogging vehicle ownership All motor vehicle use is priced per kilometer. Instead of 350% vehicle fleet growth by 2050, zero growth. Better public transport Bus systems adopt technology and regulations that aggregate demand and enable more flexible, demand-responsive, dependable, well-integrated, cost-effective services. Abundant cycling Cycle-sharing makes cycling easy, safe, affordable, and accessible to all More public space, complete streets, and transit-oriented dev. Vastly reduced parking demand enables higher density, more public space, and “locking in” sustainable land use that favors walking, cycling, and public transport. It also enables rebalancing roadways toward bike lanes, sidewalks, and transit lanes.

Possible Range of Impact on Sustainability Cities must actively promote societal benefit Possible Range of Impact on Sustainability

Policy Approach Vision- and outcome-driven Proactive Contextual Craft the conditions that ensure sustainable impacts. Rather than choose solutions in a rapidly changing sector, craft policies that support desired outcomes and a sustainable vision. Proactive Quickly shape shared mobility outcomes through proactively policy, rather than wait for historical research on impacts while a service consolidates its market and political power, reducing the ability for regulation to shape outcomes for the public good. Contextual Develop policies that respond to local realities, innovations, and possibilities, and adjust them over time. Shared modes, services, technologies and their impacts are always changing, as are their contexts.

Role of Policy in Shared Mobility Shared mobility policy should serve the following objectives: Promote sustainable outcomes: Support walking, cycling, public transport, & transit-oriented development Reduce vehicle-km-travelled, improve equity of access Promote multi-modal integration True-cost, polluter-pays, per-trip pricing for unsustainable transport modes. Protect rights of drivers and passengers Ensure safety of passenger and drivers

Present context & the way forward

How Chennai residents travel (2016) Assumptions based on: Previous CMP TNSTC numbers (bus and shared auto %s) TN RTO registered vehicle numbers * Paratransit includes share autos and private autos

Our transport systems are not keeping up with this growth

Commuters are shifting to private modes ... Chennai mode shares, 1992-2008

Tamil Nadu: Shared mobility T.N. 2016: Estimated use of Shared mobility: 27.3 lakh people (~10% of urban population) [Ref.: Census 2011] * Could be more due to recent trends, say 30 /33 lakh Chennai: “Share autos” [excluding mini vans /mini buses] 12,000 share-autos (CPPR-CIVITAS-CCCF study, 2011) 11 round trips per day @ 14 persons per round trip; ~18 lakh ppd 3,500 illegal share-autos [+ 10,000 Tata Magics] (The Hindu, 2013)

Tamil Nadu: Road Safety and Pollution TN: Safety a key issue! Highest road accidents [2015]: [6% population; 14% road accidents (69,059)] 2nd highest consequent deaths (15,642) Highest consequent injuries (34,000) Chennai: Highest proportion of “Severe” pollution days (especially So2 & Co) based on AQI survey

The Alternatives Before Us

Shared mobility in Tamil Nadu Transport Department: Policy Note 2015-16 Hon’ble CM’s “Vision for Tamil Nadu 2023” Make Tamil Nadu as most prosperous and progressive state with no poverty and where its people enjoy all the basic services of a Modern Society and live in harmonious engagement with the environment and with the rest of the world. Mobility – a reliable indicator of development Increased transport efficiency = productivity gains Accessibility: ultimate goal of transportation Safety emphasised Various measures to promote STUs

TAMIL NADU: What to do? Reduce number of private vehicles: Without adversely affecting; actually enhancing mobility! Have more people in less vehicles: To lessen single purpose vehicles To lessen solo use vehicles To lessen vehicles on idle time Minimise need to buy and use personal motor vehicles

PSM Issues: Informality hazards Perverse incentive!?

This is not what is intended by “more people in less vehicles” PSM Issues: Fight? Compete? Complement? versus This is not what is intended by “more people in less vehicles”

PSM Issues: Accountability? Market players adopting unfair practices? Security of women, children, elderly? Transparency, accessibility – for all users? Does Pay-as-per-use principle fully apply? Does PSM pay for externalities it causes? Is sustainability duly incentivised? Surge-pricing really demand-responsive? Can the customer know /decide?

PSM policy: Secure twin objectives Regulate all PSM options In public interest In keeping with principles of equity, environmental sensitivity, efficiency, enhanced safety Encourage PSM options that are yet to gain ground Remove impediments Offer overall certainty of a long-term policy

Possible steps Regularise, harmonise IPT permits, No zoning-out Deregulate fares – almost “Combo-permits” for non-commercial vehicles plus Be flexible – single permit, no restriction on ride types..? Possible? Allow courier services across the board; goods services with conditions Tax the service and value-adds. Charge negative externalities [App. 50k crore market]

Possible steps (contd. 2) Multi-lingual & multi-platform services – a must. Require full transparency and consent (not just information) regarding fares including surge pricing Flexibility: multiple permits? Reward services based on their “sustainability quotient” -- concessions in taxes, other levies, parking charges etc. -- for higher occupancy, NTVs becoming TVs, used cars, women drivers.. Incentivise PSM to complement PT

Possible steps (contd. 3) Levelled playing field as far as possible; with reasonable exceptions -- driver training across the board -- safety apps depending on technology platform Make insurance mandatory for drivers; optional for customers Make technology-enabled aggregation compulsory for all PSM except fixed-route “shared autos /buses” Define outcomes

Possible steps (contd. 4) Assign sustainability targets to PSM services based on city /state goals with due regard to measurability Use a comprehensive /dynamic public database to track progress ; also auto-receive /track feedback /complaints and action taken Mix of measures: PT first& foremost; PMVs be fully accountable for resources used, -ve effects caused including due to parking!

TN MV Rules: Amendments needed Chapter I: Definitions Chapter IV & V: Registration of motor vehicles, Inspection etc., Carriage permits (charges, penalties) Driver-related aspects (training, insurance), Fare, Stopping places for stage carriage, Canvassing Chapter VII /VIII: Equipment of motor vehicles, Signs, Meters, Wearing protective gear Chapter IX: Insurance, Refunds, Service charges Other related Acts: Special Provision, Taxation, Workers (work hours), Highway Act

Discussion – Suggestions, Questions etc. ..