Northerners, Southerners, and Slavery, 1820-60 The North Offered More Opportunities for Women and was more Hospitable toward Reform A. Harriet Beecher Stowe and Uncle Tom’s Cabin, 1852 B. African Americans in Oregon, 1843 – 1926 Northern vs. Southern Outlooks on Human Improvement A. The North’s Free Labor Ideology B. The Role of Religion III. Southern Slavery as an Entrenched, Prosperous, Labor System A. As Slavery Declined in the North, It Expanded in the South B. Intrusive Paternalism: Relations Between Slaves and Masters C. Slaves Carved Out Small Spheres of Autonomy, Resistance -- Family, Religion, Escape D. The Conservatism of the Master Class E. The South: the Less Dynamic Region of the U.S., but Still Quite Prosperous

Harriet Beecher Stowe, an example of women’s opportunities and reform in the Northern states

Artists have imagined the 1862 meeting between President Abraham Lincoln and author Harriet Beecher Stowe. The bronze statues are located in Hartford, CT, where Stowe’s house is a historical landmark. The drawing on the left is by John Keay.

Oregon’s Balloting on the Eve of Statehood, 1857 Do you support the new Constitution? YES 7195 NO 3125 Shall Oregon forbid slavery? YES 7727 NO 2645 Shall Oregon exclude residency by free Blacks? YES 8640 NO 1081

Northerners, Southerners, and Slavery, 1820-60 The North Offered More Opportunities for Women and was more Hospitable toward Reform A. Harriet Beecher Stowe and Uncle Tom’s Cabin, 1852 B. African Americans in Oregon, 1843 – 1926 Northern vs. Southern Outlooks on Human Improvement A. The North’s Free Labor Ideology B. The Role of Religion III. Southern Slavery as an Entrenched, Prosperous, Labor System A. As Slavery Declined in the North, It Expanded in the South B. Intrusive Paternalism: Relations Between Slaves and Masters C. Slaves Carved Out Small Spheres of Autonomy, Resistance -- Family, Religion, Escape D. The Conservatism of the Master Class E. The South: the Less Dynamic Region of the U.S., but Still Quite Prosperous

Expansion of Slavery 1790: 700,000 slaves 1860: 4,000,000 slaves (one-third of the South’s population) The South also had 250,000 free blacks. Slavery also expanded geographically. By 1860 it had become a fact of life in nine states that had not existed in 1790. Expansion of cotton as a staple crop guaranteed the dramatic growth in slavery as an institution in the South. In 1790 the region produced 3 thousand bales. In 1860 it produced 4 million bales.

This 1862 photo shows five generations of a slave family in South Carolina.

James Henry Hammond of South Carolina

Slave Family, c. 1861 at the Gaines’s house

Drawing of religious service, South Carolina, 1863

Slaves at the Smith plantation, Beaufort, South Carolina, 1862

Master’s advertisement seeking return of Henry May, escaped slave, Kentucky, 1838

The Underground Railroad consisted of organized escape routes for slaves seeking to leave the South behind. In PROUD SHOES, the Fitzgerald farm in Pennsylvania was located along one such route.

Born into slavery in 1818, Frederick Douglass escaped in 1836, went to live in the North, and became one of America’s most forceful and effective advocates for abolition. This photo is from around 1846.

South vs. North, 1860 Per Capita Income: South $103, North $141 U.S. Manufacturing Capacity: South 16%, North 84% U.S. Population* South 35.5%, North 64.5% *Regarding regional distribution of the population, the North by far attracted the most immigrants to the United States, and that helps to explain why the South fell further behind the North in total population. Immigration from Europe increased substantially after 1840 or so, and most of it went to the northern states. In 1830, 44.2% of the U.S. population had lived in the southern states. By 1860, that figure was down to 35.5%.

Mary Boykin Chesnut wrote a revealing diary about her experiences as a white woman on a slave plantation in South Carolina. She held anti-slavery and somewhat feminist views, and regarded the Civil War as a calamity that white Southerners had brought upon themselves. She mostly kept these thoughts to herself and her diary, which was not published until 1905. After all, her husband James Chesnut, Jr., was a prominent politician and Confederate general.