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Chapter 20 Table of Contents Section 1 Species Interactions Community Ecology Table of Contents Section 1 Species Interactions Section 2 Patterns in Communities

Section 1 Species Interactions Chapter 20 Objectives Identify two types of predator adaptations and two types of prey adaptations. Compare parasitism, mutualism, and commensalism, and give one example of each.

Section 1 Species Interactions Chapter 20 Predation Predation is an interaction in which one organism (the predator) captures and eats all or part of another individual organism (the prey).

Section 1 Species Interactions Chapter 20 Predation

Chapter 20 Lion Zebra Hare Lynx Section 1 Species Interactions Chapter 20 Predation Lion Zebra Hare Lynx Predator Prey

Chapter 20 Predation, continued Predator Adaptations Section 1 Species Interactions Chapter 20 Predation, continued Predator Adaptations Predators have adaptations to efficiently capture prey, whereas prey species have adaptations to avoid capture.

Chapter 20 Predation, continued Adaptations in Animal Prey Section 1 Species Interactions Chapter 20 Predation, continued Adaptations in Animal Prey Mimicry is an adaptation in which a species gains an advantage by resembling another species or object.

Chapter 20 Predation, continued Two Types of Mimicry Batesian Section 1 Species Interactions Chapter 20 Predation, continued Two Types of Mimicry Batesian Mullerian

Chapter 20 Predation, continued Batesian Mimicry Section 1 Species Interactions Chapter 20 Predation, continued Batesian Mimicry A form of biological resemblance in which a dangerous organism (the model), equipped with a warning system such as conspicuous coloration is mimicked by a harmless organism.

Chapter 20 Predation, continued Batesian Mimicry Section 1 Species Interactions Chapter 20 Predation, continued Batesian Mimicry

Chapter 20 Predation, continued Batesian Mimicry Section 1 Species Interactions Chapter 20 Predation, continued Batesian Mimicry

Chapter 20 Predation, continued Mullerian Mimicry Section 1 Species Interactions Chapter 20 Predation, continued Mullerian Mimicry A form of biological resemblance in which two or more unrelated dangerous organisms exhibit closely similar warning systems, such as the same pattern of bright colors.

Chapter 20 Predation, continued Mullerian Mimicry Section 1 Species Interactions Chapter 20 Predation, continued Mullerian Mimicry

Chapter 20 Predation, continued Mullerian Mimicry Section 1 Species Interactions Chapter 20 Predation, continued Mullerian Mimicry

Oaks and Pines Poison Ivy Chapter 20 Predation, continued Section 1 Species Interactions Chapter 20 Predation, continued Adaptations in Plant Prey Many plants produce secondary compounds as a chemical defense. Oaks and Pines Poison Ivy

Section 1 Species Interactions Chapter 20 Competition

Chapter 20 Competition Competitive Exclusion Section 1 Species Interactions Chapter 20 Competition Competitive Exclusion Competition may cause competitive exclusion, the elimination of one species in a community.

Effect of Competition on Two Species of Barnacles Section 1 Species Interactions Chapter 20 Effect of Competition on Two Species of Barnacles

Warbler Foraging Zones Section 1 Species Interactions Chapter 20 Warbler Foraging Zones

Section 1 Species Interactions Chapter 20 Symbiosis

Ex. Ticks and Animals Chapter 20 Symbiosis Parasitism Section 1 Species Interactions Chapter 20 Symbiosis Parasitism In parasitism, one species (the parasite) feeds on, but does not always kill, another species (the host). Ex. Ticks and Animals

Ex. Clownfish and Sea Anenome Section 1 Species Interactions Chapter 20 Symbiosis, continued Mutualism In mutualism, both interacting species benefit. Ex. Clownfish and Sea Anenome

Ex. Spanish Moss Chapter 20 Symbiosis, continued Commensalism Section 1 Species Interactions Chapter 20 Symbiosis, continued Commensalism In commensalism, one species benefits, and the other is not affected. Ex. Spanish Moss

Section 2 Patterns in Communities Chapter 20 Objectives Distinguish between types of succession, and explain why succession may not be predictable.

Examples of Changing Ecosystems A forest could have been a shallow lake a thousand years ago. Mosses, shrubs, and small trees cover the concrete of a demolished building.

Ecological Succession Gradual process of change and replacement of the types of species in a community. May take hundreds or thousands of years.

Primary Succession Type of succession that occurs where there was no ecosystem before. Occurs on rocks, cliffs, and sand dunes.

Primary Succession (continued) Primary succession is very slow. Begins where there is no soil. Takes several hundred years to produce fertile soil naturally. First species to colonize bare rock would be bacteria and lichens. Lichens are an example of a pioneer species.

Primary Succession (continued)

Lichens Do not require soil. Colorful, flaky patches. Composed of two species, a fungi and an algae. The algae photosynthesize and the fungi absorbs nutrients from rocks and holds water. Over time, they break down the rock.

Lichens (continued) As the rocks breaks apart, water freezes and thaws on the cracks, which breaks up the rocks further. When the lichens die, they accumulate in the cracks. Then mosses begin to grow and die, leading to the creation of fertile soil. Fertile soil is made up of the broken rocks, decayed organisms, water, and air.

Mosses on rocks

Primary succession can be seen happening on the sidewalks. If left alone, even NYC would return to a cement filled woodland.

Secondary Succession More common Occurs on a surface where an ecosystem has previously existed. Occurs on ecosystems that have been disturbed or disrupted by humans, animals, or by natural processes such as storms, floods, earthquakes, and volcanoes.

Secondary Succession: Mt. St. Helens Erupted in 1980. 44,460 acres were burned and flattened. After the eruption, plants began to colonize the volcanic debris. Pioneer species: the first organism to colonize any newly available area and begin the process of ecological succession.

Over time, the pioneer species makes the area habitable by other species. Today, Mt. St. Helens in the process of secondary succession. Plants, flowers, new trees and shrubs have started to grow. If this continues, over time they will form a climax community.

Climax community: the final and stable community. Climax community will continue to change in small ways, but left undisturbed, it will remain the same through time.

Fire and Secondary Succession Natural fire caused by lightening are a necessary part of secondary succession. Some species of trees (ex: Jack pine) can only release their seeds after they have been exposed to the intense heat of a fire. Minor forest fires remove brush and deadwood.

Fire and Secondary Succession Some animals depend on fires because they feed on the newly sprouted vegetation. Foresters allow natural fires to burn unless they are a threat to human life or property.