Final Review Final Exam: Venue: this classroom Dec 18 (Monday) 6:30pm-8:30pm (upto 9pm) five big problems, 2 hours to 2 1/2 hours (not more than 3 hours!), similar to Quizzes I/II, similar to sample final exam short questions, “case study”, problem solving, etc. “comprehensive”, emphasis on material covered later in the semester Everything in lecture notes (except “optional” material, e.g., mobility) Open-book, open-notes, open Internet concepts, issues, mechanisms/algorithms, problem solving NO COMMUNICIATION w/ your classmates or others during the exam! Final conflict: please email us, and let us your availability – we’ll arrange a make-up exam for you! CSci4211: Final Review

(Reference) Final Letter Grade Criteria [85 -- 90) B+ [81 -- 85) B [78 -- 81) B- [73 -- 78) C+ [68 -- 73) C [63 -- 68) C- [58 -- 63) D+ [50 -- 58) D [00 -- 50) F Grades are to help you check how much you have learned, where your weaknesses lie. No competition among members of the class! Everybody have a chance to get A if you work for it Depends on the situations/progress, extra credit would be available The ranges for letter grades only revise down, not up!

Questions? CSci4211: Final Review

Putting Everything Together Did you get the whole picture? CSci4211: Final Review

Internet: A Huge Success Story From the original four-node ARPNET research experiment to today’s global information infrastructure

Internet: a huge transformative & disruptive force! What has become of the Internet: Information Service and E-Commerce Platform deliver all kinds of information, news, music, video, shopping web, spotify, iTune, youtube, Netflix, Hulu, … Global Information Repository store and search for all kinds of information google, flickr, dropbox, icloud, … Cyberspace and Virtual Communities keep in touch with friends and strangers email, facebook, twitter, snapchat, … Enormous Super-Computer mobile, cloud computing and services We’re increasingly depending on it!

Success of Today’s Internet Today’s Internet can be primarily characterized by its success as a (human-centric, content-oriented) information delivery platform Web access, search engine, e-commerce, social networking, multimedia (music/video) streaming, cloud storage, … users search for and interact with websites (or “content”), or interact with other users; users consume or generate information static vs. dynamic content Rise of web (and HTTP) – coupled with emergence of mobile technologies – led to cloud computing and CDNs Huge data centers with massive compute and storage capacities to store information, process user requests and generate content they desire CDNs with geographically distributed edge servers to “scale out” and facilitate “speedier” information delivery

More gadgets are plugged in … servers, desktops, laptops, … smart mobile phones, iPads, e-readers, … now TVs, thermostats, smart meters, etc., soon toasters, fridges, …  Wireless technologies revolutionizing Internet! WiFi, bluetooth, 3/4G cellular networks, NFC, RFID, … High-tier Low-tier High Mobility Low Mobility Wide Area Local Area mobile computing location services Internet of Things (IoT)

Within the Internet Core Large ISPs with large geographical span and Large content providers with huge data centers High capacity, dense and rich topology Cloud Computing/Services and Mobile Computing

Content Distribution Ecosystem Multiple major entities involved! content providers (CPs), content distribution networks (CDNs), ISPs and of course, end systems & users some entities may assume multiple roles Complex business relationships: sometimes cooperative, but often competitive media players CDN2 & its servers CP2 data centers CDN1 & its servers CP1 data centers ISP ISP ISP users

Static Content Distribution: YouTube as a Case Study: world’s largest video sharing site User interaction with content (e.g., search for a video) is separated from video delivery Employs a combination of various “tricks” and mechanisms to scale with YouTube size & handle video delivery dynamics

Static Content Distribution: Netflix as a Case Study: “first” large-scale cloud-sourcing success Has its own “data center” for certain crucial operations (e.g., user registration, …) Most web-based user-video interaction, computation/storage operations are cloud-sourced to Amazon AWS Users need to use MS Silverlight or other players for video streaming Video delivery was/is partly out/cloud-sourced to 3 CDNs; but now most utilizes its “own” OpenConnect boxes placed at participating ISPs, forming its own CDN OpenConnect CDN

Dynamic Content Distribution Web search as (dynamic) content delivery – e-commerce, social networking services have similar architectures response contains both static content (e.g., banner, css files) and dynamically generated search response (dynamic content) User QoE metric: end-to-end search response time (SRT) Generic Web Search System Architecture backend data centers processing search queries & generating responses front-end edge servers (CDN) handling search query delivery Front-End (FE) Servers (Edge Cloud/CDN) Back-end (BE) Data Centers Google: deploy its own CDN Bing: utilized Akamai CDN (it now also builds its own CDN) Amazon and Facebook have also built its own CDNs

Data Center Networks 10’s to 100’s of thousands of hosts, often closely coupled, in close proximity: e-business (e.g. Amazon) content-servers (e.g., YouTube, Akamai, Apple, Microsoft) search engines, data mining (e.g., Google) challenges: multiple applications, each serving massive numbers of clients managing/balancing load, avoiding processing, networking, data bottlenecks Inside a 40-ft Microsoft container, Chicago data center

Data center networks load balancer: application-layer routing Internet receives external client requests directs workload within data center returns results to external client (hiding data center internals from client) Internet Border router Load balancer Load balancer Access router Tier-1 switches B A C Tier-2 switches TOR switches Server racks 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Data center networks rich interconnection among switches, racks: increased throughput between racks (multiple routing paths possible) increased reliability via redundancy Server racks TOR switches Tier-1 switches Tier-2 switches 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Facebook Data Center Fabric https://code.facebook.com/posts/360346274145943/introducing-data-center-fabric-the-next-generation-facebook-data-center-network/ CSci4211: Final Review

Facebook Data Center Fabric https://code.facebook.com/posts/360346274145943/introducing-data-center-fabric-the-next-generation-facebook-data-center-network/ CSci4211: Final Review

Putting Everything Together Did you get the whole picture? CSci4211: Final Review

A Quick Review of What We Learned Basic concepts in computer networks packet switching & statistical multiplexing protocols and layered architecture fundamental issues in networking distributed & complex system addressing, protocols, … many things can go wrong: error, loss, … correct operations, efficiency of protocols Application Layer application requirements & transport services client-server vs. peer to peer paradigms domain name system and DNS (name vs. address) CSci4211: Final Review

A Quick Review of What We Learned… Transport Layer: basic functions & services multiplexing and de-multiplexing UDP: connectionless transport service src/dst port no.’s, checksum TCP: connection-oriented, reliable service TCP segment format, seq./ack. no, “flags” connection set-up and tear down reliable data transfer protocols stop-&-wait, Go-back-N, selective repeat Network Layer: basic functions & services end-to-end data delivery: addressing, routing & forwarding network data plane vs. control plane data plane: layer 3 routers (and also layer 2 switches) IP addresses: network part (net prefix) vs. host part CSci4211: Final Review

A Quick Review of What We Learned … How to obtain an IP address: how does DHCP work? Network service models: datagram vs. virtual circuit IP Forwarding: datagram model forwarding within vs. outside an IP subnet: How does a host know whether a destination is within or outside its subnet? n within same IP network: direct forwarding using data link layer need to know MAC address of destination: ARP! Outside its own IP network: forward to its (default) router: need to know router’s MAC address router looks up its routing table (using longest prefix matching), and forwards to other routers if necessary; a packet finally reaches its destination host Understanding interaction with data link layer important! CSci4211: Final Review

A Quick Review of What We Learned … IP datagram format source and destination IP addresses IP datagram id, offset, length, “fragment flags” why IP fragmentation may be necessary link and path MTUs how fragmentation and reassembly done how these fields are used TTL, header checksum, IP options, … ICMP protocol: When are ICMP messages generated What ICMP messages are used for error/info reporting to source, ICMP redirect, … Virtual Circuit: how to set up a VC? incoming and outgoing VCI numbers, input/output ports MPLS (multi-protocol label switching) CSci4211: Final Review

A Quick Review of What We Learned … Network Control Plane: centralized vs. distributed (Distributed) Network Routing: basic issues two distributed routing algorithms link state vs. distance vector routing information exchanged how shortest paths computed how routing tables constructed count-to-infinity problem in DV SDN and Centralized Control Plane: Openflow switches and SDN controllers Routing in Internet scaling issues and hierarchical routing inter-domain vs. intra-domain routing Intra-domain routing protocols: RIP, OSPF Inter-domain: BGP and policy routing customer-provider vs. peering relationships CSci4211: Final Review

Routing & Forwarding: Logical View of a Router B F 2 1 3 5 Here is an abstract view of the internals of a typical router. We can separate the functionality of a router into control plane and data plane. The control plane is responsible for exchanging routing information (control packets) with other routers and making routing decisions. Generally, there exists a route processor to process these control packets and to update the routing table. This routing table is then condensed into a form known as forwarding table for quick lookup by the data plane. The job of data plane is to switch packets from input ports to output ports, which is essentially a forwarding.engine. Data packets flow thru this faster data plane while control packets are processed by slower control plane. Another way to look at is that routing decisions are made by control plane and forwarding lookups done by data plane. CSci4211: Final Review

A Quick Review of What We Learned … Data Link Layer : basic services and functions data delivery over a link: framing, access control, error checking, … MAC addresses (typically 48 bits) flat addressing: hexadecimal notation, 45:AF:00:FF:12:01 unicast vs. broadcast: how adapter deals with MAC addr.? Address resolution and ARP why do we need ARP? (see previous slide) how does ARP work? how are ARP messages delivered? Interaction between IP layer and data link layer! Broadcast local area network & media access control Why do we need media access control (MAC?) shared media: issues and difficulties addressing (MAC addresses) Taxonomy of MAC mechanisms CSci4211: Final Review

A Quick Review of What We Learned … Data Link Layer …: Random access control: ALOHA vs. slotted ALOHA CSMA vs. CSMA/CD (carrier sensing, collision detection) Adaptive (on-demand) controlled access: token passing vs. polling Efficiency of MAC protocols: light vs. heavy load Ethernet CSMA/CD, exponential random back-off how does it work? basic algorithm Some important concepts: collision domain & network diameter bit time, slot time (512 bit time) Why does Ethernet have a min. frame size constraint? Ethernet frame format 10BaseT, 100BaseT (Fast Ethernet), Gigabit Ethernet CSci4211: Final Review

A Quick Review of What We Learned … Data Link Layer …: 802.11b and Wireless LAN: key issues & difficulties: hidden terminal problem, power saving requirement receiver acknowledgement needed! how does it work? SIFS < DIFS CSMA/CA: how does it work? RTS, CTS, NAV PPP: point-to-point link layer protocol, byte stuffing Bridging: connecting multiple LAN segments basic functions: forwarding/filtering frames bridge forwarding table & self-learning looping issue: bride spanning tree Special Networking Devices we have encountered: repeaters (hubs), bridges/(layer 2) switches, routers What are their functions, and how do they work? CSci4211: Final Review

Putting Everything Together Did you get the whole picture? CSci4211: Final Review

Putting Everything Together… Walk through the whole picture, and do the following “gedanken” experiments, thinking about operations performed at hosts/servers source host, destination host (web, mail servers, …) Internet infrastructure servers (DNS, DHCP, …) addressing information at each layer interaction between the layers (e.g.,various protocols used) operations performed by hubs, bridges/switches, routers what information maintained by each device, how do they get the information? what actions do they perform? how host A downloads a web page from web server www.cs.umn.edu? how host A telnets to host B? how host C accesses the mail server mail.cs.umn.edu? how host A downloads a web page from web server www.yahoo.com? how host A accesses his/her email at his/her yahoo mail account? how host C sends, say, an instant message, to a user logged on at host X? Fall 2003 CSci4211: Final Review

Questions? CSci4211: Final Review