Protestant Reformation

Branches of Christianity Protestant Roman Catholicism Lutheran Martin Luther Anglican Henry VIII Calvinist John Calvin Eastern Orthodox Puritan Huguenots Presbyterian

The Protestant Reformation Map

Prior to the Reformation all Christians were Roman Catholic 1517 Prior to the Reformation all Christians were Roman Catholic The Reformation was an attempt to REFORM the Catholic Church Martin Luther and others wanted to get rid of the corruption and restore people’s faith in the church, not start a separate church

Christian Humanism A product of the Renaissance Desiderius Erasmus: Living every day with inward spirituality Medieval practices such as indulgences seemed pointless and unnecessary

What was an Indulgence? A Papal pardon for sins A lessening of the time a soul would have to spend in purgatory Purgatory = a place where souls too impure to enter heaven atoned for sins committed during their lifetime According to Luther, indulgences had no basis in the Bible and the Pope had no authority to release souls from purgatory

Luther’s Teachings-Lutheran Church Salvation “through faith alone” Bible was the source of religious truth Common people should be able to read the bible in their own language and study it for themselves Fewer sacraments and a simple mass

Martin Luther’s Actions Luther posted his 95 Theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg, Germany on October 31, 1517 His intent was to reform the Catholic Church, not create a separate one

How Did Word Spread So Quickly? Gutenberg’s Printing Press made it possible for Luther to spread his beliefs Copy of Luther’s 95 Theses from Gutenberg's Press

Reaction to Luther Put on trial for heresy Edict of Worms: Luther=outlaw Gained support from people (including the princes in the HRE) Gained criticism from Church Millions converted

Protestantism Spreads Geneva, Switz: Calvinists (John Calvin) England: Anglicans & Anabaptists Presbyterian; Methodists; Baptists; Episcopalian; Congregationalists; Lutheran

John Calvin-Presbyterian Church Faith alone Bible as only source of religious truth Predestination: God long ago determined who would gain salvation World is divided into saints and sinners

Henry VIII-Anglican Church English king Had denounced Luther, “Defender of the Faith” Yet wanted to annual (cancel) his marriage to his wife The Catholic Pope however, refused. Henry breaks his kingdom from the church Not that different from Catholic beliefs Use of English language Bible and removal of the Pope as leader.

Henry’s Six Wives! Divorced, Beheaded, Died, Divorced, Beheaded, Survived. Catherine of Aragon Annulled Anne Boleyn Annulled then beheaded Catherine Parr survived Catherine Howard Annulled then beheaded Jane Seymour Died childbed fever Anne of Cleves Annulled http://www.bbc.co.uk/cbbc/horriblehistories/song4.shtml

Act of Supremacy - 1534 Parliament passed the Act of Supremacy Made Henry “the only supreme head on Earth of the Church of England” Many refused to accept Henry as the head of the church and were executed for treason Sir Thomas More was one of them!

How Did the Catholic Church respond to the Protestant Reformation?

The Catholic Reformation Pope Paul III sought to end the corruption in the Catholic Church and reform some practices Council of Trent (1545)- Salvation through faith and good works, not just the bible Penalties for corrupt clergy, established better schools to educate them

The Inquisition A Church court was set up to combat heresy Secret torture had been used during the Middle Ages to gain confessions Certain books were also banned by the Catholic church-such as the writings of Luther and Calvin

Widespread Persecution Heightened passion led to people being very intolerant and divided in their beliefs. Witch Hunts- people accused were usually social outcasts. These people were used as scapegoats-some one they could blame for their problems Jewish people were discriminated against and forced to live in separate parts of the city called ghettos.

Religion vs. Science? As interest and study of the sciences increased it came into conflict with church belief.

Galileo

Separating Science and Faith? It proved difficult to separate the field of science from religion. The two were much more closely linked than today.

Newton