Unit 10 Forest Management Determine the relationship of forests to the environment and the recommended practices for using forest. Unit text is not visible

Introduction Forest land: land at least 10% stocked by forest trees of any size Timberland: forest land producing more than 20 cubic feet per acre, per year of industrial wood and that has not been withdrawn from timber use by statute or administrative regulation Inserted comma after acre

Introduction (cont’d.) Forest: complex association of trees, shrubs, and plants that all contribute to the life of the community Tree: woody perennial plant with a single stem that develops many branches

Introduction (cont’d.) Shrub: woody plant with a bushy growth pattern and multiple stems Lumber: boards sawed from trees Board foot: unit of measurement for lumber that equals 1 x 12 x 12 inches Evergreen: tree that does not shed leaves yearly

Introduction (cont’d.) Conifer: evergreen tree that produces seeds in cones, has needle-like leaves, and produces softwood Deciduous: tree that sheds its leaves yearly and produces hardwood

Forest Regions of North America

Relationships between Forests and Other Natural Resources Important to overall well-being of the ecological system Forests play important roles in the water cycle Reduce impact of rain; store water in watershed Remove pollutants from air and runoff Moved text down; removed cap from b in between

Relationships between Forests and Other Natural Resources (cont’d.) Many relationships between forests and wildlife Provide homes and shelter Safeguard water quality Moved text down; removed cap from between

Some Important Types and Species of Trees in the United States Softwoods Douglas fir Balsam fir Hemlock: Eastern and Western Cedar: Eastern Red, Eastern White, Western Red Moved text down

Some Important Types and Species of Trees (cont’d.) Softwoods (cont’d.) White pine Southern pine Ponderosa pine Sitka spruce Moved text down

Some Important Types and Species of Trees (cont’d.) Hardwoods Birch Maple Poplar Sweetgum Oak: white and red Aspen Ash Moved text down

Some Important Types and Species of Trees (cont’d.) Hardwoods (cont’d.) Beech Cherry Hickory Sycamore Black Walnut Black Willow Moved text down

Agri-Profile Career areas: dendrology/silviculture/forestry Dendrologist: study trees Silviculturist: tree care Forestry consultant Urban forester Arborist

Tree Growth and Physiology Obtain needed nutrients from environment Carbon dioxide from air; water (hydrogen and oxygen) Simple sugars: manufactured by leaves Leaves convert simple sugars to complex sugars and starches Nitrogen and soil minerals: used to make proteins

Tree Growth and Physiology (cont’d.) Complete growth cycle Starts from seed, to shoots and roots Adds diameter by adding cell layers Takes in water and minerals by roots Each year grows new cambium, xylem, and phloem Heartwood Inactive core; strength and rigidity Moved text down

Properties of Wood Hardness Weight Shrinkage Warp Ease of working Paint holding

Properties of Wood (cont’d.) Nail holding Decay resistance Bending strength Stiffness Toughness Surface characteristics

Woodlot Management Woodlot: small, privately owned forest Silviculture: scientific method applied to forest management Arboriculture: ornamental trees’ care and management

Woodlot Management (cont’d.) Restocking a woodlot Management of a growing woodlot

Science Connection Conserving our biodiversity Disappearing rainforests (jungles) Many plant and animal species: only found in jungles Once cleared: jungle area is often lost forever Earth’s biodiversity: threatened by tropical rain forests’ destruction

Woodlot Management (cont’d.) Planning a harvest cutting Clear-cutting, seed-tree cutting, shelterwood cutting, diameter limit cutting, and selection cutting Hyphenated clear-cutting

Hot Topics in Agriscience Integrated pest management Controls harmful insects or other pests Provides protection for useful organism Chemical pesticides: emergency situations Natural enemies and other biological control strategies Does not attempt to kill all harmful insects Deleted “of the” preceding “harmful”

Woodlot Management (cont’d.) Salvage harvesting Protecting a woodlot Fire Pests Domestic animals Harvesting a woodlot

Hot Topics in Agriscience To fight or not to fight Fire as a natural occurrence of forest management: burn underbrush, ground litter, and smaller trees Lodge Pole Pine tree: seeds require intense heat Beginning in early 1900s: forest fires not allowed to burn Forests today: more dense; management by logging and controlling forest fires Inserted comma after litter AU: Is there enough information about seed germination in the following? Lodge Pole Pine tree: seeds require intense heat

Seasoning Lumber Essential to guard against damage Slow drying: rot, stain, insect damage Quick drying: warping, splitting Stacking immediately after sawing Off ground with air circulating Protected from weather Quick seasoning in kiln