Review of the Literature

Purposes of the LR The most important purpose is to determine what already known about the topic you wish to study Research builds on previous knowledge Few topics rarely have never been investigated Serves as a basis of a topic May form new ideas based on published reports recommendations To replicate a study or examine another area of interest To narrow the problem to be studied

Qualities of literature search Primary source Relevant Adequate Recent Supportive to your hypothesis-assumptions or theory Deep

Primary and secondary sources Primary source of LR: a description of a research study written by original authors (investigators). E.g. journal article, Journal of Nursing Research . Secondary source of LR: a description of a research study written by someone other than the study authors Secondary sources may provide valuable insight into material, but it is the primary sources that should be read Authors of secondary sources may misinterpret information or left important information

Print sources Indexes: CINAHL NSI (Nursing Studies Index) - IM (Index Medicus)- MEDLINE Abstracts: Nursing Research Abstracts Psychological abstracts Dissertation Abstracts International Masters abstracts international

Electronic sources Online catalogs CD-ROMs Online Bibliographic Data bases: - CINAHL, 1.800 Journal, 1.1 million records, 12.000 subject headings CINAHL plus with full text Registry Nursing Research MEDLINE (Medical literature analysis and retrieval system online), over 4.800 biomedical journals, 13 million records MEDLINE Plus Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews: evidence from RCTs, meta-analyses ERIC: the world’s largest source of education information PsycINFO: psychological abstracts Dissertation Abstratct online (ProQuest)

Obtaining information from LR APA STYLE Quotations Citation in text and reference Plagiarism

APA Text Literature Review Several authors (Astin, 1993; Feldman & Newcomb, 1969; Kim, 2006; Lau, 2003; Lundberg & Schreiner, 2004; Pascarella, 2006; Pascarella & Terenzini, 1991; Tinto, 1987; Thompson, 2001) dealt with student-faculty interaction as part of their study of the impact of colleges and universities on undergraduate students. Feldman and Newcomb (1969) viewed the college faculty as “the designated socializing agents” (p. 228) in the college. They affirmed that students saw faculty as having a greater impact than their peers on their “intellectual development and on their occupational and career choices” (p. 258). They defended that intellectually meaningful contact, whether it be inside or outside the classroom, had thegreatest impact on the outcomes mentioned. Astin, A.W. (1985). Involvement: The cornerstone of excellence. Change, 17(4), 35-39. Astin, A.W. (1 993). What matters in college? Four critical years revisited San Francisco: Jossey-Bas Astin, A.W. (1999). Involvement in Learning revisited: Lessons we have learned. Journal of College Student Development, 40, 587-598

Search Strategy Relevant literature was reviewed from different nursing databases, namely British Nursing Index (BNI), British Nursing Index Archive (BNIB), Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) and International Bibliography of the Social Sciences (IBSS). Other multidisciplinary databases such as MEDLINE (Pubmed), European Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel (EPUAP), and National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel (NPUAP) were used to retrieve relevant data related to different aspects of the pressure ulcer problem. The literature was searched for: 1) studies that used quantitative methods to evaluate risk assessment scales 2) studies conducted on hospitalised patients 3) all studies considered to be systematic reviews of risk assessment scales 4) studies considered to contain or constitute information about validity and reliability of risk assessment scale Exclusion criteria included: 1) studies reflecting personal experience or opinion 2) case studies 3) small sample sizes (less than 30 subjects in quantitative studies) 4) studies that used qualitative methods

1) The epidemiologic aspect of PU in terms of incidence and prevalence The results of the search of nursing databases (BNI, BNIB and CINAHL) showed that no national studies were undertaken on PU prevention, management and risk assessment. PU literature mostly concerned the following: 1) The epidemiologic aspect of PU in terms of incidence and prevalence 2) The main complications of the PU problem in terms of cost burden, delayed healing time, increased infection rate and prolongation of patients’ stay 3) Various conceptual schemes and the process of PU development 4) PU classification system 5) PU prevention programmes 2003 297 13 179 2004 355 17 259 2005 438 26 385 2006 491 31 513 2007 509 33 * NA