Bio-Ethanol Bio-Ethanol HOME 8 8 Centre for Sustainable Technologies Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore ; http://www.cst.iisc.ernet.in/ Supported by DBT, New Delhi. This is a Beta Version HOME 8

Clean fuel for combustion engines made from plant-based feedstocks. BIOETHANOL Clean fuel for combustion engines made from plant-based feedstocks. Produces considerably lower emissions on combustion. Releases the same amount of carbon dioxide as plants fixed while growing. Can considerably reduce the climate relevant greenhouse gas emissions from transport and traffic.   8 Centre for Sustainable Technologies Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore ; http://www.cst.iisc.ernet.in/ Supported by DBT, New Delhi. This is a Beta Version HOME 8

October 2008, Government set a target of 10% blending TIMELINE OF BIOETHANOL IN INDIA Power Alcohol Act 1948 “Ethanol Blending Programme” 2002 mandating 5% blending of ethanol (E5) with petrol in nine States and four Union Territories with effect from January October 2004, amended the mandate, “requiring E5 blends only when adequate ethanol supplies were available” In 2006, the 5% blending mandate extended to cover 20 States and 8 Union Territories; In September 2008, the Union Cabinet set a target of 5% blending across the country. October 2008, Government set a target of 10% blending 8 Centre for Sustainable Technologies Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore ; http://www.cst.iisc.ernet.in/ Supported by DBT, New Delhi. This is a Beta Version HOME 8

1G 2G 1G VS 2G ETHANOL HOME 8 8 Centre for Sustainable Technologies >300 million tonnes of farm waste available /year Can produce more than 100 billion litre alcohol Value addition 60% reduction in fuel carbon emissions compared to equivalent petro-fuel use. Derived from wastes that do not affect the human and animal food chain Competition b/w land for food and fuel Alcohol from sugar or molasses 8 Centre for Sustainable Technologies Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore ; http://www.cst.iisc.ernet.in/ Supported by DBT, New Delhi. This is a Beta Version HOME 8

But .. Why not go for 2-G ethanol and help me satisfy my hunger WIN WIN!! 2-G ETHANOL

PROCESS HOME 8 Bagasse Cane trash From sugar plant Acid/ Alkali Fractionation Xylose + Lignin Membrane Filtration Cellulose Enzymatic Saccharification Lignin concentration Evaporators Fermentation Xylose fermentation Distillation Glucose distillation Bagasse From sugar plant Cane trash Dumped along with cane Alcohol Alcohol Power and stream 8 Centre for Sustainable Technologies Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore ; http://www.cst.iisc.ernet.in/ Supported by DBT, New Delhi. This is a Beta Version HOME 8

POTENTIAL Potential to tackle two monsters at one go - noxious fumes and oil imports >250 million tonnes of surplus agri-residues. Potential to produce >75 million tonnes of biofuel =more 3(entire petrol consumption of the country) Collected MSW (+150 million tonnes) has the potential to produce +40 million tonnes of biofuel. => 10% target should be quite achievable with these resources. 8 Centre for Sustainable Technologies Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore ; http://www.cst.iisc.ernet.in/ Supported by DBT, New Delhi. This is a Beta Version HOME 8

FEEDSTOCK HOME 8 8 Centre for Sustainable Technologies Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore ; http://www.cst.iisc.ernet.in/ Supported by DBT, New Delhi. This is a Beta Version HOME 8

HOME 8 8 Centre for Sustainable Technologies Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore ; http://www.cst.iisc.ernet.in/ Supported by DBT, New Delhi. This is a Beta Version HOME 8

DBT-ICT Centre for Energy Bioscience, Mumbai Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Sci & Tech has established first Bioenergy Centre in 2008 Earlier UDCT, under Mumbai University was granted deemed university status in 2008, and was renamed as ICT. DBT-ICT developed a novel 2G-ethanol technology successfully tested for 1 t/d. India Glycol Ltd set up 10 tonne biomass/day at Kashipur, Uttarakhand as demonstration of same tech. Some salient features of technology Worldwide protected patent, Can be fed with any agri. residue, Low on CAPEX and OPEX, 1/5 the enzyme cost, No toxic byproduct, high water recycling, with 1/8 of production time (18 hr. vs 5-7 days) 8 Centre for Sustainable Technologies Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore ; http://www.cst.iisc.ernet.in/ Supported by DBT, New Delhi. This is a Beta Version HOME 8

IOCL INDIAN OIL CORPORATION LIMITED IOC-DBT, second centre for Advanced Bio-energy Research, set up in 2012, at IOCL Research and Development in Faridabad. IOCL (India’s most profitable PSU) partners with Praj for setting up multiple 2G bioethanol plants based on indigenously developed technology . Ligno-cellulosic biomasses as feedstock  Praj offers end-to-end 2G ‘Smart Bio-refinery’ solutions   capable of producing bio-ethanol and other co-products such as bio-CNG, power and a variety of bio-ethanol.” 8 Centre for Sustainable Technologies Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore ; http://www.cst.iisc.ernet.in/ Supported by DBT, New Delhi. This is a Beta Version HOME 8

ECONOMY Conventional ethanol produced from corn in the United States cost between USD 0.9 and USD 1.1 per litre of gasoline equivalent (lge). Brazilian sugar cane ethanol cost between USD 0.7-0.9/lge. The cost of ethanol from other grains is higher. Advanced bioethanol is estimated to cost between USD 1.04 to USD 1.45/lge today. Advanced bioethanol technologies could see production costs fall to USD 0.7/lge for a feedstock cost of USD 30/dry tonne and USD 1.0/lge for feedstock costs of USD 100/tonne by 2020.. Centre for Sustainable Technologies Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore ; http://www.cst.iisc.ernet.in/ Supported by DBT, New Delhi. This is a Beta Version HOME 8

KEY PLAYERS Ethanol is produced by an array of other yeasts, bacteria, and fungi. S. Cerevisiae is the most employed yeast for ethanol production. Coculturing S. cerevisiae with other yeasts or microbes is targeted to -optimize ethanol production, -shorten fermentation time, -reduce process cost. 8 Centre for Sustainable Technologies Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore ; http://www.cst.iisc.ernet.in/ Supported by DBT, New Delhi. This is a Beta Version HOME 8

SACCHAROMYCES HOME 8 8 Centre for Sustainable Technologies Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore ; http://www.cst.iisc.ernet.in/ Supported by DBT, New Delhi. This is a Beta Version HOME 8

MOLASSES FERMENTATION Molasses is produced from cane sugar processing. 50 -55% concentration of sugar is present in molasses in the form of sucrose. chemical formula C12H22O11. Used for preparing ethyl alcohol (absolute and rectified spirit. Molasses up to 5.6 tonne, sulfuric acid 27 kg and ammonium sulphate 2.5 kg is needed for 1 tonne ethyl alchol 8 Centre for Sustainable Technologies Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore ; http://www.cst.iisc.ernet.in/ Supported by DBT, New Delhi. This is a Beta Version HOME 8

BIO-METHANOL Methanol, the simplest (and cheapest) of the alcohols. A versatile chemical that can produce a range of polymers and fuels. Its most immediate fuel use is to produce MTBE. Increase octane levels in petrol hence prevents 'knocking'. Bio-methanol can produce a variety of fuels such as bio-hydrogen, DME, MTG, petrol blends and biodiesel. 8 Centre for Sustainable Technologies Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore ; http://www.cst.iisc.ernet.in/ Supported by DBT, New Delhi. This is a Beta Version HOME 8

HISTORY OF BIO-METHANOL Pure methanol, was first isolated in 1661 by Robert Boyle, via the distillation of boxwood.  1970s- The use of methanol as a motor fuel received attention. Mid-1990s, over 20,000 methanol "flexible fuel vehicles" capable of operating on methanol or gasoline were introduced in US.S  Low levels of methanol blended in gasoline fuels were sold in Europe during much of the 1980s and early-1990s.  8 Centre for Sustainable Technologies Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore ; http://www.cst.iisc.ernet.in/ Supported by DBT, New Delhi. This is a Beta Version HOME 8

Black liquor from pulping processes, FEEDSTOCK Wood waste, Grass, Algae, Black liquor from pulping processes, Methane gas from landfills and animal waste. 8 Centre for Sustainable Technologies Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore ; http://www.cst.iisc.ernet.in/ Supported by DBT, New Delhi. This is a Beta Version HOME 8

POTENTIAL HOME 8 Potential to become the least expensive of the carbon neutral bio-fuels. Allows excess wind energy to be stored in the form of liquid methanol and then converted into electricity at a later date. An excellent fuel for fuel cells(can be used as range extenders in electric cars). Can be used either as a fuel in its own right or as a chemical building block for a range of fuels. Can be used to store hydrogen (Bio-methanol to hydrogen). Centre for Sustainable Technologies Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore ; http://www.cst.iisc.ernet.in/ Supported by DBT, New Delhi. This is a Beta Version HOME 8

PROCESS HOME 8 8 Centre for Sustainable Technologies Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore ; http://www.cst.iisc.ernet.in/ Supported by DBT, New Delhi. This is a Beta Version HOME 8

SUCCESS STORY HOME 8 8 Centre for Sustainable Technologies Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore ; http://www.cst.iisc.ernet.in/ Supported by DBT, New Delhi. This is a Beta Version HOME 8

The total cost of methanol production from CO2 is 500–600 €/t. ECONOMY The total cost of methanol production from CO2 is 500–600 €/t. The cost of producing methanol from biomass is approximately 300–400 €/t of methanol. Pedersen claimed that methanolcan be produced at a competitive price of 687 USD/t by farm scale, 419USD/t by large scale of partial oxidation and 453 USD/t by steam reforming 8 Centre for Sustainable Technologies Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore ; http://www.cst.iisc.ernet.in/ Supported by DBT, New Delhi. This is a Beta Version HOME 8

SIGNIFICANCE Can be converted into wide range of bio-fuels such as bio-oil, bio-ethanol, bio-methanol, bio-diesel, liquid hydrocarbons, mixed alcohols, acetic acid and formaldehyde. Low volatility of methanol reduces the risk of an explosion or flash fire. Use demands minimal changes to the existing fuel distribution networks. Has greater octane number (107) than gasoline (98). Given its compression ratio modification, valve timing, low cost and increased power, it is an attractive option for high compression engine application. Has wider flammability range than petrol 8 Centre for Sustainable Technologies Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore ; http://www.cst.iisc.ernet.in/ Supported by DBT, New Delhi. This is a Beta Version HOME 8

CURRENT CHALLENGES HOME 8 With increase in cost of bio-methane (5000 USD/t by 2030), the cost of the conventional methanol synthesis will likely be 150 USD/t methanol. Disadvantage of gasification and methanol synthesis(as production process) is the emission of pollutants(ash, tar, particulates, and carbon dioxide) negatively impact the environment. Large amount of biomass and system optimization are needed because of small amounts obtained. Production from syngas (with a catalyst) requires pure syngas, which is difficult to obtain from a mixture of gases (CO, CO2, and H2).  Energy content is too low. Not enough non food biomass resource. Centre for Sustainable Technologies Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore ; http://www.cst.iisc.ernet.in/ Supported by DBT, New Delhi. This is a Beta Version HOME 8

PROCESS EFFICIENCY HOME 8 The energy efficiency of methanol production from natural gas ranges from about 60-70 per cent(MNRE). For methanol from biomass and coal, the energy efficiency is estimated to be lower, between 50- 60 per cent(MNRE). Centre for Sustainable Technologies Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore ; http://www.cst.iisc.ernet.in/ Supported by DBT, New Delhi. This is a Beta Version HOME 8

e.g. Sucrose breaking to glucose and fructose. SACCARIFICATION Breaking down of carbohydrate into its component sugar molecule by hydrolysis. e.g. Sucrose breaking to glucose and fructose. 8 Centre for Sustainable Technologies Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore ; http://www.cst.iisc.ernet.in/ Supported by DBT, New Delhi. This is a Beta Version HOME 8

DME HOME 8 An environmentally benign, non-toxic, biodegradable product with physical properties similar to LPG. Nearly all of the DME is produced in China. DME is the fastest-growing methanol derivative. DME plants are in different stages of development around the world including Egypt, Middle East and Indonesia, all of them natural gas based. Sweden is the leader in the development of bio-DME produced through the gasification and conversion of black liquor, a byproduct in Sweden's paper and pulp industry. Centre for Sustainable Technologies Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore ; http://www.cst.iisc.ernet.in/ Supported by DBT, New Delhi. This is a Beta Version HOME 8

DME AS A FUEL HOME 8 8 Centre for Sustainable Technologies Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore ; http://www.cst.iisc.ernet.in/ Supported by DBT, New Delhi. This is a Beta Version HOME 8

POTENTIAL IN INDIA HOME 8 8 Centre for Sustainable Technologies Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore ; http://www.cst.iisc.ernet.in/ Supported by DBT, New Delhi. This is a Beta Version HOME 8

COSTING HOME 8 Air pollutant emissions are lower with DME as a fuel. The cost of this benefit is the difference between diesel and DME. Difference between biomass and natural gas as raw material for DME is reflected in the net contribution of CO2 to the atmosphere. 1l of diesel produces approximately 2.5 kgs of CO2(complete combustion)=> cost to decrease CO2 is about 0.18USD/Kg CO2 when natural gas is substituted for biomass 8 Centre for Sustainable Technologies Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore ; http://www.cst.iisc.ernet.in/ Supported by DBT, New Delhi. This is a Beta Version HOME 8

FEEDSTOCK HOME 8 Natural gas Crude oil Residual oil Coal Waste products Bio-mass.  Black liquor Centre for Sustainable Technologies Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore ; http://www.cst.iisc.ernet.in/ Supported by DBT, New Delhi. This is a Beta Version HOME 8

PRODUCTION PROCESS HOME 8 8 Centre for Sustainable Technologies Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore ; http://www.cst.iisc.ernet.in/ Supported by DBT, New Delhi. This is a Beta Version HOME 8

Properties vis-à-vis those of diesel. ADVANTAGES Properties vis-à-vis those of diesel. Ability to liquefy DME at low pressures similar to liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). Ease of production from renewable feedstock (biomass). Very low emissions including near-zero soot levels. Centre for Sustainable Technologies Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore ; http://www.cst.iisc.ernet.in/ Supported by DBT, New Delhi. This is a Beta Version HOME 8

POTENTIAL For 1 ton of dry wood or other solid biomass, the estimated yield of DME production is 0.37 ton, i.e., on energy basis 10 212 MJ of energy can be produced. For the same 1 ton of biomass, the energy produced from biogas is 9900 MJ, whereas for the producer gas it is 11 500 MJ. Net production of biomass residues in India could be around 125.046106 tons. => the estimated yield of bio-DME is around 46.26106 tons. (India’s annual diesel consumption is around 52 106 tons). 8 Centre for Sustainable Technologies Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore ; http://www.cst.iisc.ernet.in/ Supported by DBT, New Delhi. This is a Beta Version HOME 8

SUCCESS STORY The DME demonstration plant in Piteå, Sweden, put into operation in 2010. The raw material used is black liquor. Commercial production of DME in large quantities has been demonstrated especially in Japan and China. Korea Gas 900 TPD Commercial Plant. 2010: Volvo Trucks (Sweden) becomes the first truck manufacturer in the world to use Bio-DME (dimethyl ether) as a fuel for motor vehicles. black liquor, a high-energy residual product of chemical paper and pulp manufacture which is usually burnt to recover the spent sulphur. Centre for Sustainable Technologies Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore ; http://www.cst.iisc.ernet.in/ Supported by DBT, New Delhi. This is a Beta Version HOME 8

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