Figure 1 The amount of recalled words (%) from List 1 and List 2, after the 2-hour delay in the wake (in the left) and the sleep groups (in the right),

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Figure 1 The amount of recalled words (%) from List 1 and List 2, after the 2-hour delay in the wake (in the left) and the sleep groups (in the right), and within these groups in the remember (dark gray bars) and forget subgroups (light gray bars). Significant interaction between the recall of the two lists and the instructions (forget or remember) indicates the directed forgetting effect after a 2-hour delay in both groups (sleep and wake). The effect is mainly driven by the benefit of directed forgetting—better recall for List 2 in the forget than in the remember subgroup—within the sleep group. Error bars represent 95% confidence intervals. Asterisks represent significance (p) of independent samples t tests: **p < .001. From: The Benefit of Directed Forgetting Persists After a Daytime Nap: The Role of Spindles and Rapid Eye Movement Sleep in the Consolidation of Relevant Memories Sleep. 2016;40(3). doi:10.1093/sleep/zsw076 Sleep | © Sleep Research Society 2016. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Sleep Research Society. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail journals.permissions@oup.com.

Figure 2 The amount of recalled words (%) from List 1 and List 2 within the sleep group, of those participants who reached both NREM and REM phase (With REM group), and of those who only slept in NREM state (Without REM group). Dark gray bars represent the performance of the remember subgroup and light gray bars the performance of the forget subgroup, within each groups. Significant three-way interaction between the recall of the two lists (List 1 and List 2), the instruction (forget or remember), and REM phase (with REM or without REM) emerged. As visualized, the directed forgetting effect was mainly due to the benefit of directed forgetting—better recall for List 2 in the forget than in the remember subgroup—within the with REM group only. Error bars represent 95% confidence intervals. Asterisks represent significance (p) of independent samples t tests: **p < .001. NREM = non-rapid eye movement; REM = rapid eye movement. From: The Benefit of Directed Forgetting Persists After a Daytime Nap: The Role of Spindles and Rapid Eye Movement Sleep in the Consolidation of Relevant Memories Sleep. 2016;40(3). doi:10.1093/sleep/zsw076 Sleep | © Sleep Research Society 2016. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Sleep Research Society. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail journals.permissions@oup.com.

Figure 3 The association between the number of recalled words from List 1 and REM duration (min) within the remember group (on the left), and the association between the number of recalled words from List 2 and REM duration (min) within the forget subgroup (on the right). p values indicate significance values before FDR correction. FDR = false discovery rate; REM = rapid eye movement. From: The Benefit of Directed Forgetting Persists After a Daytime Nap: The Role of Spindles and Rapid Eye Movement Sleep in the Consolidation of Relevant Memories Sleep. 2016;40(3). doi:10.1093/sleep/zsw076 Sleep | © Sleep Research Society 2016. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Sleep Research Society. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail journals.permissions@oup.com.

Figure 4 The relationship between number of recalled words from List 1 (on the left) and List 2 (on the right) and fast spindle maximum amplitude on two prominent electrodes, within the forget subgroup. p values indicate significance values before FDR correction. FDR = false discovery rate. From: The Benefit of Directed Forgetting Persists After a Daytime Nap: The Role of Spindles and Rapid Eye Movement Sleep in the Consolidation of Relevant Memories Sleep. 2016;40(3). doi:10.1093/sleep/zsw076 Sleep | © Sleep Research Society 2016. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Sleep Research Society. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail journals.permissions@oup.com.