11. Development of Asia Standard: investigate political and social changes in Japan and in China from the seventeenth century CE to mid-nineteenth century CE. Essential Question: What were the political and social changes in Japan and in China?

China You are Here Japan

Asian Policies Element: Describe the policies of the Tokugawa and Qing rules; include how Oda Nobunaga laid the ground work for the subsequent Tokugawa rulers and how Kangxi came to rule for such a long period in China. Vocabulary: Tokugawa, Qing rules, Oda Nobunaga, Kangxi

How did exploration impact Asia? During this age of exploration, Asian and European exploration brought changes to China and Japan. European explorers brought Christianity to this part of the world and also contributed to economic changes in China and Japan

Qing Dynasty Manchurian rulers overthrew Ming Dynasty resisted by the Chinese Rebels seized Taiwan

Qing Dynasty Impact of Resistance: ordered all Chinese men to adopt Manchu dress and hairstyles to easily identify rebels shave their foreheads and braid their hair into a pigtail called a queue penalty for refusal was death

Acceptance of Manchurian Rule the Qing dynasty flourished A series of strong emperors corrected social and economic ills restored peace and prosperity maintained the Ming political system

Acceptance of Manchurian Rule Able to move past rulers being different from subjects: (1) preserved their own identities by having a different legal status, maintaining large landholdings, and forming separate Manchu military units called banners (2) brought Chinese into the top ranks of the imperial administration, so they showed a welcome willingness to share power

Kangxi Qing’s greatest emperor ruled from 1661 to 1722 highly disciplined and diligent

Kangxi Policies: calmed the unrest along the frontiers won the support of scholars by supporting the arts and letters tolerant of Christians sold trade privileges to Europeans limited contact between foreigners by confining trade to a small island that was opened up for certain months of the year

Kangxi Ruled for 61 years Maintained peace Allowed for prosperity Believed in the labor of the Chinese

State of Japan in chaos at the end of the fifteenth century Shogunate, the military leader, had collapsed Daimyo, the heads of noble families, controlled their own lands warred with each other

Tokugawa Japan Oda Nobunaga: Daimyo seized the capital of Kyoto placed the shogun under his control

Tokugawa Japan Toyotomi Hideyoshi: succeeded Oda Nobunaga moved the capital to Osaka persuaded most of the daimyo to accept his authority by 1590

Tokugawa Japan Tokugawa Ieyasu: the powerful daimyo of Edo (Tokyo) succeeded Hideeyoshi in 1598 took the title of shogun in 1603 completed the unification of Japan

Europeans in Japan Impact of Interaction: Portuguese arrived in 1543 regularly taking part in the regional trade among Japan, China, and Southeast Asia initially welcomed Goods like tobacco, clocks, and eyeglasses attracted the Japanese rulers were interested in European weapons

Europeans in Japan first Jesuit missionary, Francis Xavier, arrived in 1549 within 50 years thousands of Japanese had converted to Christianity

Europeans in Japan Expelling the Christians: Jesuit’s practiced destroying shrines which caused a reaction Hideyoshi prohibited Christian activities in his lands Tokugawa Ieyasu expelled the missionaries and persecuted Japanese Christians European merchants were then expelled

Europeans in Japan Dutch presence: a small Dutch presence in Nagasaki was permitted Dutch ships could dock there only once a year could remain for only two or three months

Tokugawa Rule Alternate Attendance Policy: the shogunate controlled the daimyo by a hostage system daimyo had to maintain two residences one in their own lands and one in Edo, where the shogun lived if the daimyo was absent from Edo, his family had to stay there because Daimyo had to maintain two properties, they did not have the resources nor time to rebel against the Shogun

Tokugawa Rule Impact: remained in power at Edo, their capital, until 1868 controlled the feudal system Japan divided into about 250 territories called hans, or domains a daimyo ruled each hans many samurai who had served the daimyo ceased being warriors and managed the lands of the daimyo brought a long period of peace known as the “Great Peace”

Impact of Population Growth Element: Analyze the impact of population growth and its impact on the social structure of Japan and China.

China’s Population Growth Reason For: population grew from 80 to 300 million between 1390 and the end of the 1700s more than doubled during the Qing rule a long period of peace and stability was one reason a faster-growing species of rice increased the food supply

China’s Population Growth Impact: less land for each family all available farmland was under production shortages led to unrest manufacturing and trade increased during this period did not develop commercial capitalism merchants were not as independent in China Government controlled trade and manufacturing and levied high taxes on it

Social Structure Confucianism: the Confucian emphasis on family remained strong and contributed to the stability of Chinese society the family met its members’ needs, and the members were expected to sacrifice their individual desires for the good of the entire family

Social Structure Ideal Family in Qing China: the ideal family in Qing China was the extended family of as many as four generations sons brought their wives to live in the home unmarried daughters remained in the home the elderly were highly respected and cared for

Social Structure The Clan: the clan of up to hundreds of related families was also important a clan council, religious and social activities linked the families wealthier families helped poorer families within the clan

Japan’s Population Growth Economic Changes: trade and manufacturing began to flourish breaking down the Confucian view by 1750 Edo was one of the world’s largest cities, with a population of almost one million a merchant class emerged banking and a paper money system developed some peasant families benefited from this change by exploiting the growing need for cash crops most peasants experienced declining profits and rising costs and taxes and had to become tenant farmers

Japan’s Population Growth Social Structure: rulers established strict distinctions among the four main classes: warriors, peasants, artisans, and merchants intermarriage of classes was forbidden enacted strict laws to regulate the eta’s places of residence, dress, and hairstyles

Japan’s Population Growth Social Hierarchy: the emperor and court were at the top next came the warrior class, composed of the shogun, daimyo, samurai, and ronin, in order of decreasing importance. Daimyo served the shogun and samurai served the daimyo. Ronin were warriors without masters who traveled around in search of work next down were farmers, who had a privileged position but were often poor Artisans such as carpenters and sword makers came next the lowest class was the merchants because they profited from the labor of others at the very bottom were Japan’s outcasts, the eta

Role of Women became more restricted Males had broad authority over property, divorce, and marriage the wife moved in with the husband’s family if she did not meet their expectations, the husband often divorced her both sexes worked in the fields