3.1.6 Immunology Review L.O: To recall the second and third lines of defence Oh! What’s occurring?

Defense Mechanisms Non-specific Specific Physical Barrier Response is immediate and the same for all pathogens Specific Response is slower and specific to each pathogen Physical Barrier (skin, acid in stomach) Cell-mediated Response (T lymphocytes) Humoral Response (B lymphocytes) Phagocytosis

Specific Response – Cell-mediated When phagocytes engulf and break down the pathogen... They ‘present’ the antigens on their cell membrane The antigen fit exactly into receptors on certain T helper cells, which activates other T cells.

Specific Response – Cell-mediated These activated T cells begin rapidly dividing by mitosis, creating clones Some of the cloned T-Cells develop into memory cells for a faster response if infected by the same pathogen in future. Others become cytotoxic killer T-cells, stimulate phagocytes to engulf pathogens or stimulate B cells to divide.

Specific Response – Cell-mediated Perforin – a protein that knocks holes in the cell membrane Killer T-cell Infected body cell (antigen-presenting)

The pathogens end up in a vesicle called a____________ The pathogens end up in a vesicle called a____________. Other organelles called ___________ release digestive enzymes into it. Invading pathogens are engulfed by _____________ in a process called _______________. The ___________ are displayed on the cell surface. The __________ has become an ________________. Certain T helper cells that have a specific receptor for the ____________ cause other T-cells to become activated. The cloned T cells: develop into _________ stimulate phagocytes stimulate ____________ or become __________ which kill infected body cells The activated T-cells divide rapidly by _________ and create ___________.

Specific Response – Humoral T-helper cells (already activated) attach to the antigens and activate the B-cells B-cells process and present antigens from invading pathogens The activated B-cells divide by mitosis. They also specialise into memory cells and plasma cells

Specific Response – Humoral Plasma cells – produce antibodies Specific proteins that kill pathogens Primary immune response Neutralisation – neutralise toxins or stop pathogens from entering cells Agglutination – stick the pathogens together – easier for phagocytes to round them up!

Specific Response – Humoral Memory cells Can live for decades! Much longer than plasma cells If they encounter the same pathogen – divide and become plasma cells Secondary immune response (very fast)

Specific Response – Humoral Explain this graph

Hold up your ‘B’ or ‘True’ card or both! B or T? or Both? Made in the thymus Hold up your ‘B’ or ‘True’ card or both!

T-Cells Made in the thymus

Hold up your ‘B’ or ‘True’ card or both! B or T? or Both? Divide by mitosis Hold up your ‘B’ or ‘True’ card or both!

Both! Divide by mitosis

Part of humoral immunity B or T? or Both? Part of humoral immunity Hold up your ‘B’ or ‘True’ card or both!

Part of humoral immunity B-Cells Part of humoral immunity

Hold up your ‘B’ or ‘True’ card or both! B or T? or Both? Made in the bone marrow Hold up your ‘B’ or ‘True’ card or both!

B-Cells Made in the bone marrow

Respond to antigen-presenting phagocytes B or T? or Both? Respond to antigen-presenting phagocytes Hold up your ‘B’ or ‘True’ card or both!

Respond to antigen-presenting phagocytes T-Cells Respond to antigen-presenting phagocytes

Part of cell-mediated immunity B or T? or Both? Part of cell-mediated immunity Hold up your ‘B’ or ‘True’ card or both!

Part of cell-mediated immunity T-Cells Part of cell-mediated immunity

Hold up your ‘B’ or ‘True’ card or both! B or T? or Both? Secrete antibodies Hold up your ‘B’ or ‘True’ card or both!

Hold up your ‘B’ or ‘True’ card or both! B-Cells Secrete antibodies Hold up your ‘B’ or ‘True’ card or both!

Specification 3.1.1 and 3.1.6: Disease and Immunology I can explain where pathogens are likely to penetrate the body’s defences and how they cause disease I can describe key lifestyle risk factors associated with cancer and CHD I understand that changes in lifestyle can lead to a reduced risk of developing these diseases. I can distinguish between correlations and causal relationships I can describe the process of phagocytosis I know how antibodies interact with antigens as part of the immune response I can explain the differences between the humoral and cellular immune response I can explain what a vaccine is and how it protects individuals and populations against disease I understand the effects of antigenic variability in pathogens on immunity I can describe how monoclonal antibodies enable specific targeting of substances and cells I can discuss ethical issues associated with the use of vaccines and monoclonal antibodies

Highlight each square you CAN do Learning Wall I can explain where pathogens are likely to penetrate the body’s defences and how they cause disease I can describe key lifestyle risk factors associated with cancer and CHD I understand that changes in lifestyle can lead to a reduced risk of developing these diseases. I can distinguish between correlations and causal relationships I can describe the process of phagocytosis I know how antibodies interact with antigens as part of the immune response I can explain the differences between the humoral and cellular immune response I can explain what a vaccine is and how it protects individuals and populations against disease I understand the effects of antigenic variability in pathogens on immunity I can describe how monoclonal antibodies enable specific targeting of substances and cells I can discuss ethical issues associated with the use of vaccines and monoclonal antibodies Highlight each square you CAN do

http://highered. mcgraw-hill http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072507470/student_view0/chapter22/animation__the_immune_response.html http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SckgGlefJo0

Bingo! Draw a 3 x 3 grid and choose 9 of the words below: Pathogen, phagocyte, lysosome, phagolysosome, humoral, cell-mediated, T-helper cells, B-plasma cells, mitosis, B-memory cells, antibodies, antigen, vaccination,