English Civil War & Glorious Revolution Divine Right of Kings…to…Constitutional Monarchy

But First… Let’s Flip

SAQ (12 minutes) Briefly explain why ONE of the following nations’ governments best embodies the idea of an absolutist monarchy in the 17th and early 18th centuries (Use an example of a policy from ONE specific monarch to support your argument) France, Prussia, Russia, or Austria Briefly explain why ONE of the other nations in the list above represents a less successful example of absolute monarchy. Briefly explain ONE way in which absolutism differed between Central/Eastern and Western Europe.

England: The Stuarts Elizabeth I hand picks James VI of Scotland…now James I James I Pisses off Puritans, including many gentry Charles I Petition of Right 11 Year Tyranny Tried to arrest radical members of Parliament Civil War

The Commonwealth of England (Cromwell’s rule) English Civil War (1642-1646) Oliver Cromwell Charles I Religion Puritans Anglican (but sorta Catholic) Army Roundheads Cavaliers Result Wins, becomes “Lord Protector” Loses, is beheaded Things they did as head of England Rump Parliament 11 Year Tyranny The Commonwealth of England (Cromwell’s rule) …wasn’t much fun

Restoration Charles II: Invited back. Restored Anglican Church but sympathetic towards Catholics James II: Catholic Has a son…which scares Parliament…so…

Glorious Revolution (1688 *Hub*) William of Orange and Mary are invited to invade England James II flees to France (which is Catholic) English Bill of Rights passed **ESTABLISHES CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY AND POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY**

Mannerism (1520-1600)

The Changing Role of the Artist Giorgio Vasari’s Lives of the Artists, 1568. He believed that the artist was no longer just a member of a crafts guild. The artist was an equal in the courts of Europe with scholars, poets, and humanists. Therefore, the artist should be recognized and rewarded for his unique artistic technique [maneria].

Background Late Renaissance [Pre-Baroque]. Art was at an impasse after the perfection and harmony of the Renaissance. Antithetical to the principles of the High Renaissance. From the Italian de maneria. A work of art done in the artist’s characteristic “touch” or recognizable “manner.” First used by the German art historian, Heinrich Wölfflin in the early 20c. Influenced by Michelangelo’s later works.

Michelangelo’s “Last Judgment” (Sistine Chapel)

Michelangelo’s “Last Judgment” (Sistine Chapel – left side)

Michelangelo’s “Last Judgment” (Sistine Chapel – right side)

Features of Mannerism

1. Replace Harmony With Dissonance & Discord “Susanna & the Elders” Alessandro Allori Twisted bodies or “weight shift” [contrapposto]

2. Replace Reason with Emotion “Pietà” by Rosso Fiorentino 1530-1540

“Pietà” by El Greco 1587-1597

3. Replace Reality with Imagination “The Mystic Marriage of St. Catherine” Parmigianino 1525-1527

“Charity” Andrea del Sarto 1518 An allegory of the French royal family.

4. Create Instability Instead of Equilibrium “The Rape of Helene” Francesco Primaticcio 1530-1539

5. Bodies Are Distorted “Christ in Agony on the Cross” El Greco 1600s. An attempt to express the religious tensions of the times.

“Adoration of the Name of Jesus” El Greco 1578-1580.

“Adoration of the Name of Jesus” (details) Philip II of Spain El Greco 1578-1580

“The Baptism of Christ” El Greco 1608-1628.

“Portrait of a Cardinal” El Greco 1600

“St. Jerome” by El Greco 1587-1597

6. Colors are Lurid “The Tempest” Giorgione 1510

“The Calling of St. Matthew” Caravaggio

“The View from Toledo” El Greco 1597

7. Pictoral Space is Crowded “Madonna with the Long Neck” Parmagianino 1534-1540

“Joseph in Egypt” Jacomo Pontormo

“The Last Supper” Tintoretto 1594

8. A Void in the Center “Bacchus & Ariadne” Titian 1522-1523 ?

“Pastoral Concert” Giorgione 1508-1510 ?

9. Hanging Figures “The Annunciation” Jacopo Tintoretto 1583-1587

“Moses Drawing Water form the Rock” Jacopo Tintoretto 1577

Baroque Art & Architecture

Baroque 1600 – 1750. From a Portuguese word “barocca”, meaning “a pearl of irregular shape.” Implies strangeness, irregularity, and extravagance. The more dramatic, the better!

Baroque Style of Art & Architecture Dramatic, emotional. Colors were brighter than bright; darks were darker than dark. Counter-Reformation art. Paintings & sculptures in church contexts should speak to the illiterate rather than to the well-informed. Ecclesiastical art --> appeal to emotions. .

Counter-Reformation Church Art & Architecture

St. Peter’s Basilica, Vatican City by Gialorenzo Bernini

Church of Santiago de Compostella, Spain

Church of Veltenberg Altar, Germany

“The Assumption of the Virgin Mary” Egid Quirim Asam, 1692-1750

Altar of Mercy, Germany, 1764

“St. Francis in Ecstasy” Caravaggio, 1595

“The Flagellation of Christ” by Caravaggio

“David and Goliath” by Caravaggio

“Salome with the Head of the Baptist” by Caravaggio

“The Cardsharps” Caravaggio, 1595

“The Dead Christ Mourned” Annibale Carracci, 1603

“The Virgin Appearing to St. Hyacinthe” Lodovico Carracci 1594

“Joseph’s Bloody Coat Brought to Jacob” Diego Velázquez, 1630

“Christ on the Cross” Diego Velázquez, 1632

“Las Meninas” Diego Velázquez 1656

“St. Francis in Meditation” Francisco de Zurbarán

“St. Bonaventure on His Deathbed” Francisco de Zurbarán, 1629

“The Elevation of the Cross” by Peter Paul Reubens 1610-11

“The Lamentation” by Peter Paul Reubens 1609-11

“Battle of the Amazons” Peter Paul Reubens

“A Village Fête” Peter Paul Reubens

“The Garden of Love” Peter Paul Reubens, 1630-32

“The Ecstasy of St. Theresa of Avila” by Gianlorenzo Bernini 1647-52

Atemisia Gentileschi, Female Painter

LEQ Quickfire Choose two leaders from the following countries, and evaluate the extent to which each successfully developed absolute monarchies. Prussia Russia France Austria