What blood types can give or receive blood with other types? WARM UP Describe how the different blood types affect how blood transfusions can be given. What blood types can give or receive blood with other types?

Hardy-Weinberg Equation

Hardy-Weinberg Rule G.H. Hardy Wilhelm Weinberg British mathematicican Wilhelm Weinberg German doctor Analyze allele frequencies to see if a population is evolving

H-W Equation p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1 p = A frequency q = a frequency p2 = AA q2 = aa

H-W Equation To solve for allele frequencies: Find frequency of aa organisms aa freq. = q2 Square root of q2 = q q = a frequency 1 – q = p p = A frequency Compare A and a freq. over time

H-W Equilibrium No evolution is occurring No mutations, selection, gene flow, genetic drift Allele frequencies will not change

H-W Evolution Equilibrium requirements are rarely met, so evolution is usually occurring somewhere Mutation, selection, etc. Allele frequency is changing

WRAP UP Write down the Hardy-Weinberg equation. Describe how Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium is different than evolution.

WARM UP Calculate the R and r frequency for the handedness trait in the human population, which is about 8% left-handed (the recessive trait).

WRAP UP How do the numbers generated in the Hardy-Weinberg equation show evolution?