CuUnkv sImXpIv tPm{^n tP¡ºv sl¯v C³kvs]ÎÀ {]mYanImtcmKy tI{µw X¿mdm¡nbXv tPm{^n tP¡ºv sl¯v C³kvs]ÎÀ {]mYanImtcmKy tI{µw Aങ്ങmSn¸pdw geofferyjacob@gmail.com 9037756810

Ncn{Xw B{^n¡³ hwiw Im«n Xmakw Dbcങ്ങfn Pohnച്ചnê¶Xv ]£nIfnÂ\nìw æcങ്ങn \nìw cà]m\w acs¸m¯pIfn ap«bn«nêì

sU¦n¸\n, Nnç³ Kp\nb, aª¸\n, tdmÊv dnhÀ ]\n, shÌv s\bn ]\n F¶nh ]SÀ¯pì Im«nÂ\nìw \m«nte¡v h\ \ioIcWw {][m\ ImcWw Dbcങ്ങfn \nìw Xmtg¡v DjvWtaJebnepw anXiotXmjWtaJebnepw {][m\ambpw Iméì ssiXy taJebnepw I­Xmbn dnt¸mÀ«v sU¦n¸\n, Nnç³ Kp\nb, aª¸\n, tdmÊv dnhÀ ]\n, shÌv s\bn ]\n F¶nh ]SÀ¯pì

CuUnkv CuPn]vXn CuUnkv CuUnkv BÂs_m]nIväkv

CuUnkv CuPn]vXn ]I kabw ISnçì þ DZb¯në tijhpw AkvXab¯në ap¼pw aëjy kmao]yapÅnS¯v Iméì ANTHRAPO PHAGIC s_Ív dqan hscsb¯pì ho«nëÅnse Ccq­ Øeങ്ങfn hn{iançì

CuUnkv BÂs_m]nIväkv ]I kabw ISnçì þ DZb¯në tijhpw AkvXab¯në ap¼pw arK kmao]yapÅnS¯v Iméì ZOONO PHAGIC knäu«v hsc am{Xta hcmdpÅq hoSnë ]pd¯v æän¡mSpIfn hn{iançì

hfÀച്ച¡v 4 L«ങ്ങÄ ap« emÀÆ sImXpIv ]}¸,

]}¸bn \nìw ]pd¯p hê¶ CuUnkv sImXpæIÄ kmh[m\w CWtNcpì CW tNcenë tijw B¬sImXpIv 1þ2 Znhkw am{Xw Pohnçì. B¬ sImXpæIfpsS `£Ww sNSnIfpsS \ocmWv ( NECTUM )

CW tNcenë tijw ap«IfpsS hfÀച്ച¡v s]¬sImXpIn\v 1 þ 3 hsc »Uv aoÂkv thWw Hmtcm »Uv aoepw Zln¡m³ 2 þ 7 Znhkw thWw 3 »Uv aoenë tijw Hmtcm ¢ച്ചnepw 200 ap«IÄ hsc CSpì cà ]m\¯nsâ Afhëkcnച്ച് F®¯n hyXymkw hcmw Hê PohnX Ime¯n 5 ¢ച്ച് hscbp­mImw

ap« þ hncnªndങ്ങ Häbmbn ap«bnSpì Pe\nc¸në sXm«papIfnembmWv ap«IÄ \nt£oç¶Xv shÅ \nd¯nepÅ ap«IÄ \nanjങ്ങൾçÅn Xnfങ്ങp¶ Idp¸p\ndambn amdpw hc­ AhØsb ap«IÄ 6 amkw hsc AXnPohnçw shÅw e`nçt¼mÄ 2 þ 7 Znhk¯nëÅn hncnªv emÀÆIÄ D­mæì {Sm³kv Hmthdnb {Sm³kvanj³ CXnsâ {]tXyIXbmWv

Distinguishing characters of Anopheles, Culex and Aedes mosquito eggs Air bubles Culex eggs (raft) Aedes egg

CuUnkv a¬skmWnb As\m^nenkv I}eIvkv

Distinguishing characters of Anopheles, Culex and Aedes mosquito eggs Eggs laid singly singly In cluster (raft) Float & frill present absent No.of eggs (29-147) 140 (eggs may be laid in successive days 16 sittings 200 Not so resistant to drying but can survive up to 3 weeks in mud Can withstand desiccation up-to 6 months Cannot withstand drying Duration of egg stage 2-3 days 2 days 24-36 hours

emÀÆ ssk^¬ S}_v Ptem]cnXe¯në apIfnem¡n shůn Xqങ്ങnInSçì. BÂtKIfpw kq£vaPohnIfpamWv Blmcw emÀÆhfÀച്ച¡v 4 L«ങ്ങfp­v (INSTARS) 3 L«ങ്ങÄ AXnthKw ]qÀ¯nbm¡n \memw L«¯nte¡v ISçì. \memw L«w Bt]£nIambn kmh[m\¯nemWv (3 Znhkw ) Xé¯ ImemhØsb 1 amkw hsc {]Xntcm[n¡m³ emÀÆIÄ¡mhpw

Distinguishing characters of Anopheles , Culex and Aedes mosquito larvae air tube present Ventral hair (1) Ventral hair (2 or more) Anopheles Culex Aedes

Resting posture: Distinguishing characters of Anopheline & Culine larvae Anopheline larva Culicine larva When undisturbed, larvae of Anophelines lie flat along the surface of water In contrast, in a similar situation, culicine larvae hang ‘head down’ from the surface of water keeping the tip of breathing tube (siphon) in contact with the surface of water

Anopheles: Rests parellel, spiracles in 8th seg., presence of palmate hair

Culex: Hang downwards, siphon in the 8th seg Culex: Hang downwards, siphon in the 8th seg. ‘C’ like move, not sensitive to light, not gregarious, long siphon

Aedes: Downwards, short barrel shaped siphon, spiracle in the tip, ‘S’ move, light sensitive, gregarious

Mansonia: Attached to roots of pistia, respirate through the root cells.

Visual recognition of Aedes & Culex larvae Not gregarious in habit Siphon long & tapered, at least 3 times as long as wide With more than one pair of ventral hair Whip-like or figure “C” movement which propels them rapidly to the bottom of the container Not sensitive to changes of light intensity. A rather strong disturbance required to cause them go to the bottom- return fairly soon to the surface Aedes Gregarious in habit Air tube (siphon) short, about twice as long as wide Siphon with only one pair of ventral hair Move in a characteristic (“S”/“8”) fashion, involving all parts of the body React quickly to changes in light intensity, removal of the cover from the container will disturb them- dive to the bottom

]}¸ \memw L«w ]qÀ¯nbm¡nb emÀÆ ]}¸ L«¯nte¡v ISçì ]}¸ Ptem]cnXe¯n InS¶v HêtPmSn FbÀ S}_|IÄ hgn izknçì Ch ചenç¶hbpw Ne\ങ്ങtfmSv {]XnIcnç¶hbpamWv ]}¸ `£nç¶nà hfÀച്ച ]qÀ¯nbm¡m³ 2 Znhkw thWw ]}¸¡I¯phച്ച് emÀÆ cq]mന്തcw {]m]nച്ച് sImXpImhpì ImepIÄ, NndæIÄ, I®qIÄ, hmbv`mKങ്ങÄ, F¶nh cq]s¸Spì.

Anopheles: Comma, short respiratory trumpet, funnel shaped, last ab Anopheles: Comma, short respiratory trumpet, funnel shaped, last ab.seg. has paddle hair

Culex: Comma, tubular breathing siphon, paddle hair absent

Aedes: Comma shaped, paddle hair absent

Mansonia: Comma shaped, attached to the pistia, if detaches it dies

sImXpIv 2 Znhk¯në tijw ]}¸bpsS ]pdwtXmSv s]m«nച്ച് sImXpIv ]pd¯phêì hmbp henച്ചp \ndച്ച് DZc`mKw hoÀ¸nçì þ Cങ്ങs\ ]}¸bpsS ]pdwtXmSv s]m«nച്ചmWv sImXpIv ]pd¯p hê¶Xv

Medically important genera and species of Mosquito Genus Number of species In World In India Anopheles 364 51 Aedes 888 111 Culex 715 57 Mansonia 23 4 Other genus 121 26 Total 16 genus and 249 species in India 34 genus and 2968 species in the world

Anopheline: Culicine: Palpi enlarged at tip Male (club shaped) Palpi distinctly longer & always papering at tip

Female Anopheline: Palpi = proboscis Culicine: Palpi < Proboscis

Proboscis of aedes: Slim, straight, decorated

Anopheles: Spotted, Clumping of dark 7 light coloured scales

Culex: Non spotted with narrow scales on veins, clear wings

Aedes: Light scales with brown/black in colour

Mansonia: Broader scales asymmetrically arranged, speckled wings

Rest Anopheles: creates an angle in resting, Dark pale color Culex: Parellel to surface dull coloured often brown Aedes: Hunched back, dusty appearance , grey color Mansonia: Hunched back, brown color

Culex:Adult Anopheles:Adult Aedes:Adult Mansonia:Adult

Breeding habits Anopheles: Fresh water, water tanks Culex: Water with bio-waste contents Aedes: Artificial containers like coconut shells, tyres, tubes, broken pots,,, Mansonia: Ponds, lakes etc., Pistia.

Blood meals Anopheles: Both antropophilic and zoophilic Culex:Preferably anthropophilic, Aedes: Anthropophilic and zoonophilic Mansonia: Anthropophilic

DISTINCTION AEDES ALBOPICTUS AEDES EGYPTI Not a house hunting mosquito Vigourous biter Natural enemy: toxorynchitinae 1/100 world’s most invasive species. Can see 2 white lines in the misonotum House hunting mosquito Can bite through socks and shirts Vicious (violent) biter Only 1 white line in the misonotum and divides when reaches scutellam.

shÎÀ ÌUn

shÎÀ ÌUn F¶m sImXpæ \nb{ന്തW {]hÀ¯\ങ്ങfpsS Bkq{XW¯nt\m, hnebnê¯ent\m th­n sImXpæIfpsS km¶n[ys¯çdntച്ചm, km{µXsbçdntച്ചm DÅ imkv{Xobamb hnhc tiJcWamWv shÎÀ ÌUn

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shÎÀ ÌUnbn Fsന്തÃmw hnhcങ്ങfmWv th­Xv? sImXpæhn`mKങ്ങfpsS km{µXbpw hnXcWhpw cà]m\¯ntâbpw hn{ia¯ntâbpw hnhcങ്ങÄ {]X|Â]mZ\ kz`mhങ്ങÄ sImXpæ\min\n {]tbmK¯nsâ km[yX tcmtKmÂ`h¯nsâ t{kmXÊv

kqNnIm {]tZiങ്ങÄ GsXÃmamWv? shÎÀ ÌUn \St¯­ kqNnIm {]tZiങ്ങÄ GsXÃmamWv? sImXpæ P\y tcmKw F³Uan¡mb Øeങ്ങÄ sImXpInsâ km¶n[yw sIm­pw ]mcnØnXnI {]tXyIXIÄ sIm­pw tcmK]IÀച്ചm km[yXbpÅ Øeങ്ങÄ tcmK¯nsâ s]m«n¸pds¸Sep­mb Øew

Ft¸mgmWv \St¯­Xv? hÀjw apgph³ BgvNbnsemcn¡Â c­mgvN IqSpt¼mÄ amk¯nsemcn¡Â kmlNcyhpw Bhiyhpw Aëkcnച്ച്

What are the Other information required on Entomological Surveillance? Terrain features – Altitude, fauna & flora, type of soil, riverine belt etc. Meterological factors – Temperature, relative humidity, rainfall Agriculture – Agricultural practices, deforestation / aforestation etc. Irrigation – Irrigation practices, projects, dams, water reservation, canals, lift pumps etc. Human lifestyle, socio-economic and cultural aspects etc. Industrialization, housing, living, economic, sanitary conditions, water management, water storage practices, fairs and festivals, migration due to employment, political compulsions, war, etc.

LARVAL INDEX OF AEDES

House Index Number of positive houses for Aedes larveX100/Number of houses examined

Container index Number of positive containers for aedes foundX100/No. containers examined

Breteau Index Number of positive containersX100 Number of houses examined

]T\ \nKa\ങ്ങÄ Cങ്ങs\ XmsgbpamsW¦n B {]tZiw A]IS km[yXbnÃm¯XmWv ഹൌkv C³sUIvkv Ht¶m AXn XmsgbpamsW¦n B {]tZiw A]IS km[yXbnÃm¯XmWv {_nt«m C³UIvkv At©m AXn Xmsgtbm BsW¦n B {]tZiw

ഹൌkv C³sUIvkv ]t¯m AXn IqSpXtem {_nt«m C³UIvkv A³ ]tXm AXn IqSpXtem BsW¦n B {]tZiw A]IS km[yXbpÅXmWv {_nt«m C³UIvkv A³ ]tXm AXn IqSpXtem A]IS km[yXbpÅXmWv

{_nt«m C³UIvkv  A³]tXm AXn IqSpXtem BsW¦n ASnbന്തncambn sImXpæ \nb{ന്തW {]hÀ¯\ങ്ങÄ Bcw`n¡Ww

shÎÀ ÌUn \S¯pt¼mÄ kÀtÆ \S¯p¶bmÄ¡v sImXpæISntb¡msX {i²n¡Ww

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