University of Texas at Dallas REVT | Renewable Energy and Vehicular Technology Lab Recent Advances in Distributed Monitoring of HVAC Systems and the Impact on Modern Power Grids Babak Fahimi, PhD University of Texas at Dallas

Renewable Energy & Vehicular Technology Laboratory REVT | Renewable Energy and Vehicular Technology Lab Renewable Energy & Vehicular Technology Laboratory

Renewable Energy & Vehicular Technology Laboratory REVT | Renewable Energy and Vehicular Technology Lab 1 post-doctoral scientist, 11 PhD, 3 MS, 2 Undergraduates, 3 visiting scholars 2017 Research Expenditure: $1.2M 2017 publications: 12 journal articles, 25 conference papers, 2 invention disclosures Scientific Staff Renewable Energy & Vehicular Technology Laboratory

Areas of Research: REVT | Transportation Electrification Renewable Energy and Vehicular Technology Lab Areas of Research: Transportation Electrification Electric and hybrid vehicle propulsion Fault tolerant drives Mobile wireless charging Maglev and linear drives Electric aircraft propulsion Electric marine propulsion Electric auxiliary drives Distributed Power Generation Solar energy systems Wind energy systems Energy management Smart micro-grids Reliability analysis and life time monitoring Grid integration Fuel cell based hybrid power systems Energy Storage, Management and Harvesting Remote charging of portable electronics and biomedical devices Energy scavenging from vibration and solar sources On-chip power supplies Prognostics, health management, and control Battery and ultracapacitor management Hydrogen harvesting and storage Power electronics, Motors & Drives Electric machine design Permanent Magnet Switched Reluctance Induction Electric drive optimization Sensor elimination Noise, vibration reduction Efficiency maximization Cost minimization Fault tolerance Resonant and multi-level converters PWM strategies High freq. dc-dc converters High and low temperature power converters GaN, SiC utilization Low power electronics

Corporate Engagement Strategy REVT | Renewable Energy and Vehicular Technology Lab Corporate Engagement Strategy Industrial Advisory Council Internships and Entry Level Jobs UTDesign Unrestricted Gift Company Sponsored Research Institute and Center Projects Federal Research Grants Fellowships, Endowed Chairs, Buildings Your Company

REVT | Renewable Energy and Vehicular Technology Lab Modern Grid

Evolution of Grid REVT | Renewable Energy and Vehicular Technology Lab Evolution of Grid Source: http://www.edsoforsmartgrids.eu/home/why-smart-grids/

Integrated Energy Systems REVT | Renewable Energy and Vehicular Technology Lab Integrated Energy Systems Combined Heat & Power Heatling Grid Turbines Electricity Grid Hydrogen Electrolysis Transportation Fuel Nat. Gas Pipelines and Storage Storage Biogas Natural Gas Hydrogen Variable mixing Gasoline Diesel Biofuel

Modern Power Systems Challenges REVT | Renewable Energy and Vehicular Technology Lab Modern Power Systems Challenges Reliability for contingency and uncertainty Quick dynamic response in the event of a failure Cyber security Seamless integration of renewable energy sources Poor efficiency for end users Capacity enhancement

By 2030 DOE predicts that 20% of US electricity should REVT | Renewable Energy and Vehicular Technology Lab Opportunities Potential Solar energy map Potential Wind energy map By 2030 DOE predicts that 20% of US electricity should be generated in wind farms

Multi-port Power Electronic Interface (MPEI) REVT | Renewable Energy and Vehicular Technology Lab Multi-port Power Electronic Interface (MPEI) Features: Distributed generation Economic dispatching Reliability Disaster mitigation Power quality improvement Communication Cyber security protocols

Multi-port Power Electronic Interface (MPEI) REVT | Renewable Energy and Vehicular Technology Lab Multi-port Power Electronic Interface (MPEI)

Multi-port Power Electronic Interface (MPEI) REVT | Renewable Energy and Vehicular Technology Lab Multi-port Power Electronic Interface (MPEI) Base Power Management – Intelligent hybrid microgrid

Multi-port Power Electronic Interface (MPEI) REVT | Renewable Energy and Vehicular Technology Lab Multi-port Power Electronic Interface (MPEI) Base Power Management – Intelligent hybrid microgrid Multi-Port Electronics Interface (MPEI) Solar-Expansion Generator-Expansion Wind Turbine-Expansion Battery-Expansion Expansion Slot Minimal Storage Solar Array Diesel Generator Wireless Communication Expansion potential includes: Solar Module(s) Diesel Gen-set Module(s) Wind Turbine Module(s) Fuel Cell Module(s) Energy Storage Unit(s) Battery Flywheel Others Scales from Watts (for electronic loads) to kW (Forward Operation units) to MW (Base Systems) Wind Turbine Battery Storage System

Multi-port Power Electronic Interface (MPEI) REVT | Renewable Energy and Vehicular Technology Lab Multi-port Power Electronic Interface (MPEI) Base Power Management – Intelligent hybrid microgrid

Multi-port Power Electronic Interface (MPEI) REVT | Renewable Energy and Vehicular Technology Lab Multi-port Power Electronic Interface (MPEI)

Multi-port Power Electronic Interface (MPEI) REVT | Renewable Energy and Vehicular Technology Lab Multi-port Power Electronic Interface (MPEI) Remote computation and Data analytics Transferring computational resources to a remote location reduces hardware requirements provides access to unlimited computational capability allows long term field data collection and analysis Applications: Supply-demand management Economic dispatching Disaster mitigation Remote fault diagnosis Fault prediction/prevention Improvement of grid reliability

Multi-port Power Electronic Interface (MPEI) REVT | Renewable Energy and Vehicular Technology Lab Multi-port Power Electronic Interface (MPEI) Remote computation and Data analytics Source: Calculation of Voltage Sag Indices for Distribution Networks. Juan A. Martinez-Velasco, Jacinto Martin-Arnedo Change in Frequency spectrum

Multi-port Power Electronic Interface (MPEI) REVT | Renewable Energy and Vehicular Technology Lab Multi-port Power Electronic Interface (MPEI) Remote computation and Data analytics   Feature 1 Feature 2 Feature 3 Feature 4 Feature 5 … Example1 Time Weather Voltage 1_1 Current 1_1 Voltage 1_2 Example2 Voltage 2_1 Current 2_1 Voltage 2_2 X = Example solution: The voltage sag experienced in Richardson around 6pm during bad weather usually leads to an outage!

Multi-port Power Electronic Interface (MPEI) REVT | Renewable Energy and Vehicular Technology Lab Multi-port Power Electronic Interface (MPEI) Availability of variable output ports Critical Sub-critical Normal load Capability of variable output signals Normal load Variable load – Integrated adjustable speed drives: pool pumps, AC compressor Modularity

HVAC Concentration REVT | Renewable Energy and Vehicular Technology Lab HVAC Concentration

REVT | Renewable Energy and Vehicular Technology Lab HVAC systems HVAC is the largest source of residential energy consumption in the United States, 47% of total household energy requirements (source: U.S. Energy Information Administration) -Value Market size Rate of increase of HVAC equipment = 6.8% annually HVAC equipment market size, year 2019 = $20.4 billion (Source: “HVAC Equipment” - Freedonia)

REVT | Renewable Energy and Vehicular Technology Lab Value Environmental impact – Out of the total household energy consumption, Central AC is responsible for around 30%. Presented in the figure below is the total and residential energy breakdown (source: “Energy savings potential and opportunities for high-efficiency electric motors in residential and commercial equipment US Dept. of Energy). Total energy consumption breakdown of US in 2012 Residential energy consumption breakdown of US in 2012

REVT | Renewable Energy and Vehicular Technology Lab Typical System Current HVAC systems, mostly residential units, utilize line start induction motors. Compressor Evaporator Condenser

REVT | Renewable Energy and Vehicular Technology Lab -Current Technology HVAC system can play a substantial role in providing a flexible load in the utility network. This flexibility , in the form of a commitment, is equivalent to that of distributed generation and will potentially allow small consumers of electricity to play an active role in setting the market prices and overall stability of the distribution system. However, to effectively exploit this opportunity, a hybrid (cyber-physical) layout is necessary. The main elements of such systems include: An adjustable speed driver. A bi-directional communication platform supported by cloud computing and machine learning algorithms.

Conventional Variable Frequency Drives REVT | Renewable Energy and Vehicular Technology Lab VFD The current HVAC compressor motors are mostly line start induction machines without drive electronics, allowing only binary configuration of “On” or “Off”. To satisfy the government set regulations and to gain the market edge, the HVAC manufacturers are continuously trying to improve efficiency (SEER ratings). Hence, inevitable shift of industry trend towards VFDs is apparent. VFDs reduce energy consumption by matching the heating/cooling load with the HVAC system output. However, introduction of drive electronics alters the efficiency, reliability, and cost of the overall system. The typical topology utilized by VFDs are rectifier – inverter circuits with DC bus capacitors, as shown in figure 1 (for single phase inputs). VFD market size for 2018 = $1.08 billion. Conventional Variable Frequency Drives

Monitoring system Aggregator REVT | 11230 Btu/h – 3290 W Sensor array Renewable Energy and Vehicular Technology Lab Monitoring system 11230 Btu/h – 3290 W 1125 W (Input Power) Sensor array VFD Aggregator Sensor Cluster Some Data filtering Communication Channel Data Parsing DB Storage Computation Analytics

Hardware Specifications: Power level – Up to 3kW. Input – Grid. REVT | Renewable Energy and Vehicular Technology Lab Hardware Sensor Type Location Voltage Machine Phase input, Electronics Current Machine T. Machine frame, Electronics Grid input/User behavior Ambient T. Aggregator Humidity Pressure Vibration Aggregator/Machine Frame Specifications: Power level – Up to 3kW. Input – Grid. Output – Up to 3 motors control outputs. MCU – TMSF28335 Sensors – Voltage, Current, on boards Temperature and Humidity sensors Peripherals – Analog interface, I2C and SPI communication. Current Sensors Voltage Sensors Temp. & Humidity Sensors Sensor Outputs, I2C, SPI

Communication REVT | Services Renewable Energy and Vehicular Technology Lab Communication Services

Communication Data Base REVT | Renewable Energy and Vehicular Technology Lab Communication Data Base Data is stored with a node identifier (3) followed by a time stamp (4-5-2017 17:58:36) for query purposes.

Induction Motor Fault classification using neural networks REVT | Renewable Energy and Vehicular Technology Lab Software/Algorithm Induction Motor Fault classification using neural networks Training the Neural Network: requires a set of data for which the result is known to deduce a model/feature weights depending on this data. This data is then used to predict future outcomes.

Based on collected, 3 tier filtered data. REVT | Renewable Energy and Vehicular Technology Lab Software/Algorithm Characteristics of the compressor motor: Single speed operation. Multiple on-off cycles. High inrush current. Main Faults Based on collected, 3 tier filtered data. Inter Turn Winding Fault - Temperature and Current. Bearing Fault - Vibration signature. Output: classes, where each class represents the category of interest Inter Turn Fault Bearing Fault Additional Fault Depending on the prediction accuracy of the model, a time function will be used (based on DB data – run the algorithm few seconds before the fault occurs) for fault Protection

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