France in the Second Half of the 19th Century Class notes

Challenges to democracy Antagonism between Paris and provinces State repression of protesters Monarchists attempting to reinstate an authoritarian government Anti-Semitism

The Dreyfus Affair In 1894, Captain Alfred Dreyfus, a Jewish officer on the French General Staff, was accused of passing secrets to Germany (i.e., espionage). Army officers attempted a cover-up by forging evidence against Dreyfus. The French public was divided over the issue. Dreyfus was eventually acquitted, but the divisions in France remained.

Emile Zola prominent French novelist journalist political activist founder of the naturalist movement acquaintance of Cezanne and other famous French artists