Figure 1. Basic Logic Model Structure Short-Term Outcomes Long-Term Impacts Inputs Activities Outputs

Figure 2. Two Informal Learning Theories of Change Figure 2.a Individual’s attitudes change Individual’s behavior changes Knowledge, Attitude, Behavior (KAB) Theory Individual’s knowledge changes Diffusion Theory Individual: Knowledge Persuasion Decision Implementation Confirmation Innovators change Early majority change Late majority change Societal: Early adopters change Figure 2.b

Federal Legislative Priority 2 Figure 3. Sample Backwards Logic Map B1 – Lack of inter-organizational coordination (political) B2 – Lack of resources (economic) B3 – Lack of current software; out- of-date hardware (technological) B4 – Uncertain demand for e-books (social) O2 – Better fund leveraging of partners (economic) O1 – Reinforce library roles as community anchors (political) O3 – Technological savvy of younger users (social) O4 – Open source innovations (technological) OBJECTIVE Federal Legislative Priority 2 Establish or enhance electronic linkages and improve coordination among and between libraries to improve access to library and information services (PEST model) BARRIERS OPPORTUNITIES

State Library Administrative Agencies Figure 4. Social Network for Grants to States Information flows Services/programs/activities Individual Libraries Customization Community needs assessments Plans for community programs and services State Library Administrative Agencies Design Statewide needs assessments Statewide plans for programs and services Public/Users Awareness Participation Application Dissemination Dissemination Funding Other resources Training Implementation Marketing Program and service delivery Partners Expertise Connections Capital

Figure 5. Informal Learning Program Theory of Change Capture external opportunities and barriers Identify program’s target user needs and external opportunities and barriers Improve target user circumstances Diffuse to other users Enable learning to meet target user needs Direct change Indirect change

Table 1. Federal Priorities of Grants to States Program Expanding services for learning and access to information and educational resources in a variety of formats, in all types of libraries, for individuals of all ages in order to support such individuals’ needs for education, life-long learning, workforce development, and digital literacy skills. Establishing or enhancing electronic and other linkages and improved coordination among and between libraries and entities …for the purpose of improving the quality of and access to library and information services. Providing training and professional development, including continuing education, to enhance the skills of the current library workforce and leadership, and advance the delivery of library and information services; and enhancing efforts to recruit future professionals to the field of library and information services. Developing public and private partnerships with other agencies and community-based organizations. Targeting library services to individuals of diverse geographic, cultural, and socioeconomic backgrounds, to individuals with disabilities, and to individuals with limited functional literacy or information skills. Targeting library and information services to persons having difficulty using a library and to underserved urban and rural communities, including children … from families with incomes below the poverty…. Developing library services that provide all users access to information through local, State, regional, national, and international collaborations and networks. Carrying out other activities consistent with the purposes [of LSTA], as described in the State library administrative agency’s plan.

Table 2. Focal Areas for Programs and Services Typically Supported by IMLS Grants to States Lifelong learning Community services Employment and small business development Digitization Database delivery Civic engagement Staff and leadership development (distributed throughout other focal areas)